托福TPO阅读题汇总 细节题答案Word下载.doc

1、 Inside pieces of sand and gravelOn top of beds of rockIn fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soilIn spaces between pieces of sedimentParagraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a com

2、mon exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which wate

3、r can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?It is unusually solid.It often has high porosity.It has a low proportion of empty space.It is hig

4、hly permeable.Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions t

5、heater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natura

6、l causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and

7、 formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater are mainly hypothetical are well supported by factual evidence have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistswere expressed in the early stages of theaters development4. Accor

8、ding to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?To establish a positive connection between the members of the societyTo help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supplyTo distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies To incre

9、ase the societys prosperity Stories （myths） may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in

10、 the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups ora

11、l tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious con

12、cerns. 7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?Emphasizing theater as entertainment Developing a new understanding of why events occurFinding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical charactersMoving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tr

13、aditionThe transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?In an area that has little w