1、例 :He said (to me), “youre so good at it.”He said (to me) that Iwas so good at it.三不变:若直接引语中为第三人称,变为间接引语时,人称不变;The teacher asked, “has heread enough this week?”* The teacher asked if hehad read enough that week. (2)时态(Tense)(3) 引导词(Introducer):若直接引语为陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that 引导,that 可省略;19He said, “Im bus
2、y.”He said ( that)he was busy.若直接引语为一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问句语序变为陈述语序,且用连词if/whether 引导;另外,若主句的谓语动词是say,一般变为间接引语时,主句中的谓语要相应地变为ask, 若主句中没有间接宾语,变为间接引语时,主句中可以根据实际情况加上间接宾语;如 :“Do you think a dairy can become your friend?”the writer says.* The writer asks us ifwe think a dairy can become our friend.若直接引语引语为特殊疑
3、问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问语序变为陈述语序,且仍用原来的引导词;另外,若主句的谓语动词是say,一般变为间接引语时,主句中的谓语要相应地变为ask,若 主句中没有间接宾语,变为间接引语时,主句中可以根据实际情况加上间接宾语;“When do you go to bed last night?” hesaidto Anne.* He askedAnne whenshe went to bed the night before.若直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to 的不定式,且要将主句的谓语动词根据实际情况变为ask、tell、order 等动词;若祈使句为否定句
4、,变为间接引语时,要在动词不定式前面加not;如:Father saidto him, “go away!” Father orderedhim to go away. Hesaid, “dont make so much noise, boys.”He toldthe boys not to makeso much noise. (4)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等的变化:注意:若是在当地转述,here 不必变为there;若是在当天转述,yesterday, tomorrow, today等时间状语不必改变;2. 主动语态(Active voice)和被动语态(Passive voice)
5、:动词有两种语态,若主语是动作的执行者, 叫主动语态,若主语是动作的承受者,叫被动语态;(1) 被动语态的基本结构:主语+助动词 be+动词的过去分词+(by ),其中be 有时态、人称和数的变化;(2) 几种时态的被动语态:(3) 主动语态和被动语态之间的转换:将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语,如果主动语态中的宾语是人称代词的宾格形式,应将宾格形式变为主格形式;himhe;将主动语态中的主语变为被动语态中介词by 的宾语,如果主动语态中的主语是人称代词的主格形式,应将主格形式变为宾格形式;theythem;将主动语态中的谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式,并且时态要保持一致;如果主动语态中
6、还有其他成分,则变为被动语态时,其他成分一般原位不动照抄下来;(4) 几种特殊情况的被动语态的变化方法:带双宾语的谓语动词,即“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”,(如:give me a book)改为被动时,可以用间接宾语作被动语态的主语,也可以用直接宾语做被动语态的主语;若将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,则保留间接宾语,并在间接宾语的前面加上介词to 或for;“动词+宾语+动词原形”结构,改为被动时,动词原形前要加to;“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,改为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语原位不动照抄下来;当主动语态中的谓语动词是动词
7、短语时,变被动语态时,动词短语应被看成一个整体,故动词短语中的介词一般原位不动照抄下来;3. 定语从句(Attributive clause):限制性定语从句(Restrict attributive clause): 结构:先行词+引导词+定语从句;Structure: antecedent + that/who/whom/whose/which + attributive clause;非限制性定语从句(Non-restrict attributive clause):句子+“,”+引导词+定语从句; sentence + “,”+ who/whom/whose/which + attri
8、butive clause;4. 同位语从句(Appositive clause):抽象名词+引导词+从句;5. 主语从句(Subject clause):结构:引导词引导的从句+谓语动词+宾语; that/whether/if/who/whom/whose/which/what/woever/whomever/whichever/whatever/when/where/why/how/ clause + predicate + object;that 引导的主语从句:that clause+ predicate + object;6. 宾语从句(Object clause):主语+谓语动词+
9、引导词引导的从句; subject + predicate + that/whether/if/who/whom/whose/which/what/when/where/why/how clause由that 引导的宾语从句:subject + predicate + that clause;7. 表语从句(Predicative clause):主语+连系动词+引导词引导的从句; subject + linking verb + that/whether/as if/as though/who/whom/whose/which/what/when/where/why/how clause;由
10、that 引导的表语从句:subject + linking verb + that clause;8. if 条件状语从句(If clause):句子+if 条件状语从句; Structure: sentence + if clause;9. it 作形式主语(use “it”as formal subject ):有时为了避免头重脚轻,我们会用it 作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语移到句末;10. it 作形式宾语(use “it”as formal object );有时我们会用it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移到句末;11. 动词的现在分词(The verb-ing form):现在
11、分词的用法主要有以下几种:用于进行时态,表示“正在发生”,其结构是:be + V-ing;用于将来时态,表示“将要发生”,其结构是:动词的 ing 形式可以作定语;动名词:可以作主语、宾语、表语;12. 动词的过去分词(Past participle):过去分词的用法主要有以下几种:用于完成时态,表示“已经完成”,其结构是:have/has/had + done动词的过去分词可以作定语、表语;13. 情态动词(Modal verb):情态动词不能单做作谓语,后面必须跟动词原形;14. 动词时态(Tense):一般现在时(present simple tense):动词用原形/第三人称单数形式,
12、否定句和疑问句借助助动词do/does;一般过去时(past simple tense):动词用过去式,否定句和疑问句借助助动词did;一般将来时(future simple tense):一般过去将来时(past future tense):现在进行时(present continuous tense):其结构为:am/is/are + V-ing;过去进行时(past continuous tense):was/were + V-ing;将来进行时(future continuous tense):shall/will + be + V-ing;过去将来进行时(past future co
13、ntinuous tense):should/would + be + V-ing;现在完成时(present perfect tense):has/have + done;过去完成时(past perfect tense):had + done;将来完成时(future perfect tense):shall/will + have + done;过去将来完成时(past future perfect tense):should/would + have + done;现在完成进行时(present perfect continuous tense):have/has + been + done;过去完成进行时(past perfect continuous tense):had + been + done;将来完成进行时(future perfect continuous tense): 其结构为:shall/will + have been + done;过去将来完成进行时(past future perfect continuous tense): 其结构
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