Sense Relations 英语词汇学--词义的联系Word下载.docx

1、The relationship between the sensesismultifarious.There are major types of sense relations: synonymy,antonymy,hyponym.As well as we called semantic field.Key words:semantic field,synonymy, antonymy, hyponym.1 Introduction2Semantic FieldThe definition of semantic field is a term to refer to the pheno

2、menon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fields. Words in eachsemantic field defineone another.When a text （anything with words, whether it be spoken or written） has a topic or subject that a group of words relate to. If

3、an articleof writing included the words, such as heart, flowerlovemusicpassion the semantic field would most likely be considered love”. A semantic field of loveand alsothe wordmay beregardedas flowery or even“feminine”.An animal field which contains all kinds of words that denote animals, or a cook

4、ingfield which includes various words related to cooking, and so on.Let us look at some moreexamplesofsemantic fields:a. Vehicle: car, lorry, truck, coach, motorbike, taxi.b.Building:factory, hospital, house,church, apartment.c.Run:race, dash, scamper, scurry, scuttle, scramble, dart.d.Vegetable:cau

5、liflower,eggplant, pepper, onion, tomato.2.1 Function ofSemanticFieldWe know that the meaningof semantic fielddoes not exist in the word itself, but itrather spreads over the neighboring words,due tothe neighboring words identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning. Forexample, rose ope

6、rates in contrast with tulip and dahlia in one semantic field, so it is a flower. In contrast with red and purple in another, it becomes a kind of color. Take the word captain. He is a captain does not mean very much until we know the semantic field in which captain operates. We know what captain me

7、ans in the merchant service, in the navy or in the army only when we know whether his subordinate is called mate, commander or lieutenant. Comparethe following words:orangeorange: red, blue, yellow （color） pear, apple, peach （fruit） coke,Pepsi,coca-cola（drink）Meanwhile, the features of the fieldsema

8、nticare contiguity and understanding hierarchy.The classification of it includes3SynonymsSynonymsaredifferent words with identical or very similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy.There are two kinds of synonyms: perfect

9、 synonyms and partial synonyms.3.1PerfectPerfect synonyms:are fully identical and can be interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in associative meaning. Rare, but exist; usually scientific terms.This kind of synonyms are rare and may be found in special terminology such ascom

10、pounding and composition, word-building and word-formation, voiceless consonant and breathed consonant, fricative and spirant, malnutrition and undernourishment, etc.Only some of the words in a certain context can replace use and does not affect the meaning of the sentence. In the phrases of to best

11、 ones opponent and to worst ones opponent,the antonyms of best and worst also can replace to use.3.2Partialsynonyms share the nearly same or similar basic meaning, but still denote differences in other meanings, like conceptual meaning and associative meaning, and usages. E.g. change （to change a th

12、ing is to put another thing in its place） alter （to alter a thing is to make it different from which it was before）vary （to vary a thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times）.A man changes his habits, alters his conduct, and varies his manner of speaking.And the othersynonyms, l

13、ikesilent/tacit;shine/glitter/sparkle/glare;different/various;idle/lazy/indolent; strange/odd/queer;large/huge/tremendous/colossal; beautiful/ pretty/ handsome/ faire/ lovely; big/ large/ greatand so on.Synonymous idioms:Synonymous relationship between words exist in constantly, also may exist betwe

14、en the idioms.3.3Source ofSource of synonyms A. historical reason: a） Anglo-Saxon （native）;b） French, Latin, Greek （foreign elements） borrowedPatterns: doublets: native words borrowed homely domestic house mansion triplets: Anglo-Saxon French Latin rise mount ascend.B.geographical reason American/British English dialect: girl lass.C.Lin