高中英语句子成分分析与长难句理解.docx

1、高中英语句子成分分析与长难句理解高考英语句子成分分析和长难句理解1、词的分类词类 意义 例词名词 (n)表示人或事物的名称boy, eye, Jack, China,desk, shopping, rose, friend代词 (pron)用于代替名词、形容词或数词I,one, my,which,mine,this, all, anything, none, both数词 ( num)表示数量或顺序one, two, three, four, first, second, third, fourth动词 (v)表示动作或者状态be, understand, survive, recognize

2、, solve形容词 (adj)用于描述或修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的特征或性质small, long, short, rich, modern, shocked, American副词 （adv）修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、以及全句usually, violently, heavily, finally, quickly,frequently冠词 （art）用在名词前帮助说明名词使用的人或事物a, an, the介词 （prep）表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系from, in, on, to, for, with, along, without, except, beside, bes

3、ides, through, from, before, after连词 （conj）用于连接词与词、短语与短语，句子与句子and, or,but, for感叹词 （interj）用于表达说话者的喜怒哀乐等情感oh, hey,dear备注：词性的英文缩写缩写字母 原词 代表词性n. noun 名词v. verb 动词vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词adj. adjective 形容词adv. adverb 副词num. nu

4、meral 数词interj. interjection 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep. preposition 介词art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 二、句子的成分在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代

5、词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语） （二）谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。His parents are teachers.（系动词和表语一起作谓语）We study hard.（行为动词作谓语）We dont fi

6、nish reading the book.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English.（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）That poor little dog died last night. 那只可怜的小狗昨天晚上去世了。The earthquake broke out all of a sudden, so not many people survived. 地震突然发生， 因此没有多少人幸存下来。A number of people lost their lives in the earthquake. Luckily, my grandparents su

7、rvived this natural disaster.许多人在地震中丧失了生命。幸运的是，我的祖父母幸存于这场灾难。备注：动词的分类 分类方式一：1.及物动词 2.不及物动词分类方式二：1.实义动词 2.系动词 3.助动词 4.情态动词考点1.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，

8、关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。A.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. B.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)C.英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动

9、词。)D.有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。第二个句子需要在do后加it.E.think, insist, agree, reply等词后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词、代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词。I think its interesting.What do you think of the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them.我回答说我不能帮助他们。He has not yet

10、repliedto my question.他还没有回答我的问题。Heinsistedthat I (should) apologize to her.他坚持我应该向她道歉。Heinsistedon paying for the meal.他坚持要付饭钱。Heinsistedon immediate payment.他坚持要求对方立即付款。考点2.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义

11、动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。A.帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying. (is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起

12、作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）B.帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)C.帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled

13、 down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)D.帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake. (had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)E.帮助构成倒装句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)F.帮助构成强调意义的He d

14、id come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock. (did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，h

15、ad是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river. (can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）Quiz1.找出下列句子的主语部分和谓语部分1Studying English takes time.2Chatti

16、ng on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.3The early bird catches the worm.4The novel won the author a Nobel Prize. （3）宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to pl

17、ay basketball.（不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1：动词宾语和介词宾语_说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟（动词）宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给看），bring, pass, buy等。如： （1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun give

18、s us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等 （1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。）改

19、成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （5）She is making me a cake. 改成： Quiz1. 把下列词语排列成正确的英语句子（有的可能不止一种排列顺序）1a, fish, we, ate_2give, the book, Mary, to her father_3for the money, Simon, newspapers, sells_4found, the, they, boy, dead_2.挑出下列句中的宾语My brotherdoesntdohis homewor

20、k.A B C DPeoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D（四）宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如：We can call Internet Addicts a Webaholic./ Well help you to make the Olympics a success./ We elected John chairman.（名词）They make her happy.（形容词）/ John found this ans

21、wer wrong./ You can leave the door open./ A hedge between friends keeps friendship green.The government doesnt allow the shops to sell cigarettes to teenagers.(动词不定式）We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）I am not good at expressing my self.How can I make myself understood.(过去分词）Quiz 1.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Sheli

22、kesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room.A B C D Heasksherto take the boyout of school.A B C D（五）表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词及相当于名词或形容词的短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：I am a teacher.（名词） He became a teacher after he graduated from university.(名词） He is always happy.（形容词） It gets cold.（形

23、容词） It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词,interesting为表语） We should all remain careful. (remain为系动词,careful为表语） They are on the playground now.（介词） Japan is among the top developed countries.(介词）备注：常见系动词汇总表状态的系动词含义例句be动词am, is, are, was, were 是She is a student.This little dog is very lovely.Only he was i

24、n the classroom last night.keep 保持All classmates kept quiet when I told a story.stay 保持We should stay healthy by doing exercises.seem 似乎；好像She seems better today表感官的系动词 含义look看起来Toms jacket looks beautiful.smell闻起来I dont like beer. It smells terrible!taste尝起来Chinese food tastes very delicious.sound听

25、起来The music after class sounds great.feel感觉；摸起来I felt bad after I got up this morning.touch摸起来The cotton hat touches comfortable.表示变化的系动词含义become变得I will become basketball player when I grow up.go变得（不好）She may go mad because she has so many things to do.get变得Dont worry, I will get better tomorrow.gr

26、ow成长为；变得He grew rich within a short time. Quiz1.挑出下列句中的表语 The old manisfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim? A B C D（6）定语 定语最主要的作用是修饰名词。 名词短语的构造“左二右六”的定语规律：名词的修饰语与名词的位置关系无外乎两种：一是放在名词的前面，我们称之为前置定语或定语；而是放在名词的后面，称之为后置定语。观察：1. the boy2. the cute boy3. the boy in white T-shirt.4. the cute bo

27、y wearing white T-shirt.5. the cute boy who is wearing white T-shirt.6. the cute boy to be punished综上所述， 在英语里，修饰名词的定语，其语序的位置是极有规律的。介词短语分词短语不定式短语形容词短语定语从句同位语从句黄金公式：限定词+形容词+中心名词+六类后置定语eg: a red rectangle emblazoned with five stars (注意：限定词就是对名词起泛指或特指、定量或不定量等的限定修饰作用。如： these, three, a/an, the, my, that,

28、 these.)Quiz1.挑出下列句中的定语 TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname? A B C D（七）状语副词的主要作用是作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。He works hard.(修饰动词）He parked the car very easily.(修饰副词）She is a very beautiful girl.(修饰形容词)Luckily, she became the champion in the race.（修饰整个句子）一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意

29、义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully.（副词；表示方式） We often help him.（副词；表示频率） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语；表示目的） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（状语从句；表示时间）He sits there.（副词；表示地点） Quiz挑出下列句中的状语Thereisa big smileon her face. A B C DEvery