Greener energy Issues and challenges for PakistanBiomass energy prospective.docx

1、Greener energy Issues and challenges for PakistanBiomass energy prospectiveParameters tested and experimental procedure5. Theory of the experimental heat release analysis 5.1. Preliminary treatment of the measured pressure diagrams5.2. Energy conservation and state equations5.3. Combustion reaction

2、and working medium properties6. Presentation and discussion of combustion heat release analysis results7. Discussion of the experimental performance and emissions results8. ConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 37.95466Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe waterReview ArticleTh

3、e Lancet, Volume 375, Issue 9720, 27 March 2010-2 April 2010, Pages 1110-1119Junfeng Zhang, Denise L Mauzerall, Tong Zhu, Song Liang, Majid Ezzati, Justin V RemaisClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences Su

4、mmaryEnvironmental risk factors, especially air and water pollution, are a major source of morbidity and mortality in China. Biomass fuel and coal are burned for cooking and heating in almost all rural and many urban households, resulting in severe indoor air pollution that contributes greatly to th

5、e burden of disease. Many communities lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and thus the risk of waterborne disease in many regions is high. At the same time, China is rapidly industrialising with associated increases in energy use and industrial waste. Although economic growth from ind

6、ustrialisation has improved health and quality of life indicators, it has also increased the release of chemical toxins into the environment and the rate of environmental disasters, with severe effects on health. Air quality in Chinas cities is among the worst in the world, and industrial water poll

7、ution has become a widespread health hazard. Moreover, emissions of climate-warming greenhouse gases from energy use are rapidly increasing. Global climate change will inevitably intensify Chinas environmental health troubles, with potentially catastrophic outcomes from major shifts in temperature a

8、nd precipitation. Facing the overlap of traditional, modern, and emerging environmental dilemmas, China has committed substantial resources to environmental improvement. The country has the opportunity to address its national environmental health challenges and to assume a central role in the intern

9、ational effort to improve the global environment.Article OutlineIntroductionEnvironmental risksAir pollutionWater pollutionImprovement of environmental health policies in ChinaSearch strategy and selection criteriaAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50467Methodology proposal for territorial distr

10、ibution of greenhouse gas reduction percentages in the EU according to the strategic energy policy goalOriginal Research ArticleApplied Energy, Volume 87, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 3552-3564A. Toln-Becerra, X. Lastra-Bravo, F. Bienvenido-BrcenaClose preview| Related articles|Related reference w

11、ork articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractA 20% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2020 is one of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) energy policy. However, this overall objective does not specify how it should be distributed

12、among the Member States, according to each ones particular characteristics. Consequently, in this article a non-linear distribution methodology with dynamic objective targets for reducing GHG emissions is proposed. The goal of this methodology is to promote debate over the weighting of these overall

13、 objectives, according to the context and characteristics of each member state. First, an analysis is conducted of the situation of greenhouse gas emissions in the reference year (1990) used by the EU for reaching its goal of reducing them by 20% by 2020, and its progress from 1990 to 2007. Then, th

14、e methodology proposed was applied for the year 2020 on two territorial aggregation levels following the EUROSTAT Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), in the EU-15 and EU-27 member countries and on a regional level in 19 Spanish Autonomous Communities and Cities (NUTS-2). Weighti

15、ng is done based on CO2 intensity, GHG emissions per capita and GHG emissions per GDP. Finally, several recommendations are provided for the formulation of energy policies.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methodology 2.1. Criteria for weighting the savings in primary energy consumption: desirable th

16、reshold and dynamic targets2.2. Scenarios and data2.3. Weighted reduction coefficient distribution formula3. Analysis of the evolution of GHG emissions in Europe 3.1. GHG emissions during 199020073.2. GHG emissions per capita during 199020073.3. GHG emissions per GDP during 199020073.4. CO2 intensit

17、y during 199620074. Situation of GHG emissions in the reference year (1990) in Europe and in Spain5. Results of application of proposed methodology 5.1. Results for EU-27 and EU-15 geographic scenarios 5.1.1. Hypothesis 1: based on CO2 intensity5.1.2. Hypothesis 2: based on GHG emissions per capita5

18、.1.3. Hypothesis 3: based on the GHG emissions to GDP ratio5.2. Results in the Spanish geographic scenario6. Policies and future lines of research to reduce GHG emissions7. ConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 41.95468Fuel consumption and associated emissions from seagoing ships at berth derived from an o

19、n-board surveyOriginal Research ArticleAtmospheric Environment, Volume 44, Issue 9, March 2010, Pages 1229-1236J.H.J. Hulskotte, H.A.C. Denier van der GonClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractA m

20、ethodology is presented to estimate the emissions of ships at berth based on their actual fuel consumption and the fuel quality. Accurate estimates of emissions from ships at berth demand reliable knowledge of the fuel consumption while at berth and associated fuel characteristics. However, assured

21、information about energy use and fuel consumption of seagoing ships at berth is scarce. Proper estimation of ship emissions at berth is crucial for understanding the impact of shipping emissions on air quality and health in harbour cities as well as for a proper evaluation of the impact of abatement

22、 measures such as shore-side electricity and/or restrictions of sulphur content for shipping fuels to be used in ports. Therefore, a survey of energy consumption and fuel use on board of 89 seagoing ships was made in close cooperation with the Port of Rotterdam. Rotterdam is the major port of Europe

23、 ensuring that the results will have relevance for the larger European domain. On board of the ships at berth, a questionnaire was filled in by the chief engineer of that particular ship, assisted by two former mechanical shipping engineers employed at our organization. Survey results as well as the

24、 emission estimations are compared to the (scarce) information that is available and expert judgements in recent studies. The compiled survey data underlie the current Dutch emission estimation methodology for emissions of ships at berth.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methodology 2.1. Questionnair

25、e2.2. Fuel consumption2.3. Verification of energy consumption 2.3.1. Verification of energy consumption of container ships in Rotterdam2.3.2. Verification of energy consumption of other ships2.4. Type of fuels2.5. Type of engines and machinery2.6. Emission calculation scheme 2.6.1. Emission factors3

26、. Results and discussion 3.1. Activity data3.2. Emissions from ships at berth in the Port of Rotterdam3.3. Generic applicability of the survey outcome4. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 35.95469Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in GermanyOriginal Research ArticleTransporta

27、tion Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 16, Issue 3, May 2011, Pages 236-243Theo Lieven, Silke Mhlmeier, Sven Henkel, Johann F. WallerClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThis st

28、udy forecasts the market potential of electric vehicles by looking at 14 categories of vehicle. It weighs the individual priorities against social preferences and a selection process is used to analyse priorities and barriers to allow individuals considered potential electric vehicle buyers to be id

29、entified.Article Outline1. Introduction2. The methodology 2.1. Vehicle uses and types2.2. Social preferences2.3. Individual barriers to EV purchase3. Results 3.1. Discussion3.2. Evaluation of the procedure4. ConclusionReferencesPurchase$ 41.95Research highlights Price and range are the crucial purch

30、ase criteria for electric vehicles (EVs). Although micro/city cars are less susceptible to range, price sensitivity is high. Sports, mid-size and executive EVs will have a higher market potential than micro/city cars. Particularly commercial cars will be considered as EVs (taxis). 175,000 EVs could

31、be the annual sales of EVs in Germany (5% of total sales).470Experiment assessment of hydrogen production from activated aluminum alloys in portable generator for fuel cell applicationsOriginal Research ArticleEnergy, Volume 35, Issue 7, July 2010, Pages 2922-2926Meiqiang Fan, Lixian Sun, Fen XuClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractAn experiment assessment of hydrogen production from activated aluminum alloy in portable hyd