Greener energy Issues and challenges for PakistanBiomass energy prospective.docx
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GreenerenergyIssuesandchallengesforPakistanBiomassenergyprospective
Parameterstestedandexperimentalprocedure
5.Theoryoftheexperimentalheatreleaseanalysis
5.1.Preliminarytreatmentofthemeasuredpressurediagrams
5.2.Energyconservationandstateequations
5.3.Combustionreactionandworkingmediumproperties
6.Presentationanddiscussionofcombustionheatreleaseanalysisresults
7.Discussionoftheexperimentalperformanceandemissionsresults
8.Conclusions
References
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466
EnvironmentalhealthinChina:
progresstowardscleanairandsafewater ReviewArticle
TheLancet,Volume375,Issue9720,27March2010-2April2010,Pages1110-1119
JunfengZhang,DeniseLMauzerall,TongZhu,SongLiang,MajidEzzati,JustinVRemais
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Summary
Environmentalriskfactors,especiallyairandwaterpollution,areamajorsourceofmorbidityandmortalityinChina.Biomassfuelandcoalareburnedforcookingandheatinginalmostallruralandmanyurbanhouseholds,resultinginsevereindoorairpollutionthatcontributesgreatlytotheburdenofdisease.Manycommunitieslackaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation,andthustheriskofwaterbornediseaseinmanyregionsishigh.Atthesametime,Chinaisrapidlyindustrialisingwithassociatedincreasesinenergyuseandindustrialwaste.Althougheconomicgrowthfromindustrialisationhasimprovedhealthandqualityoflifeindicators,ithasalsoincreasedthereleaseofchemicaltoxinsintotheenvironmentandtherateofenvironmentaldisasters,withsevereeffectsonhealth.AirqualityinChina'scitiesisamongtheworstintheworld,andindustrialwaterpollutionhasbecomeawidespreadhealthhazard.Moreover,emissionsofclimate-warminggreenhousegasesfromenergyusearerapidlyincreasing.GlobalclimatechangewillinevitablyintensifyChina'senvironmentalhealthtroubles,withpotentiallycatastrophicoutcomesfrommajorshiftsintemperatureandprecipitation.Facingtheoverlapoftraditional,modern,andemergingenvironmentaldilemmas,Chinahascommittedsubstantialresourcestoenvironmentalimprovement.Thecountryhastheopportunitytoaddressitsnationalenvironmentalhealthchallengesandtoassumeacentralroleintheinternationalefforttoimprovetheglobalenvironment.
ArticleOutline
Introduction
Environmentalrisks
Airpollution
Waterpollution
ImprovementofenvironmentalhealthpoliciesinChina
Searchstrategyandselectioncriteria
Acknowledgements
References
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467
MethodologyproposalforterritorialdistributionofgreenhousegasreductionpercentagesintheEUaccordingtothestrategicenergypolicygoal OriginalResearchArticle
AppliedEnergy,Volume87,Issue11,November2010,Pages3552-3564
A.Tolón-Becerra,X.Lastra-Bravo,F.Bienvenido-Bárcena
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Abstract
A20%reductionofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsby2020isoneofthemainobjectivesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)energypolicy.However,thisoverallobjectivedoesnotspecifyhowitshouldbedistributedamongtheMemberStates,accordingtoeachone’sparticularcharacteristics.Consequently,inthisarticleanon-lineardistributionmethodologywithdynamicobjectivetargetsforreducingGHGemissionsisproposed.Thegoalofthismethodologyistopromotedebateovertheweightingoftheseoverallobjectives,accordingtothecontextandcharacteristicsofeachmemberstate.First,ananalysisisconductedofthesituationofgreenhousegasemissionsinthereferenceyear(1990)usedbytheEUforreachingitsgoalofreducingthemby20%by2020,anditsprogressfrom1990to2007.Then,themethodologyproposedwasappliedfortheyear2020ontwoterritorialaggregationlevelsfollowingtheEUROSTATNomenclatureofTerritorialUnitsforStatistics(NUTS),intheEU-15andEU-27membercountriesandonaregionallevelin19SpanishAutonomousCommunitiesandCities(NUTS-2).WeightingisdonebasedonCO2intensity,GHGemissionspercapitaandGHGemissionsperGDP.Finally,severalrecommendationsareprovidedfortheformulationofenergypolicies.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methodology
2.1.Criteriaforweightingthesavingsinprimaryenergyconsumption:
desirablethresholdanddynamictargets
2.2.Scenariosanddata
2.3.Weightedreductioncoefficientdistributionformula
3.AnalysisoftheevolutionofGHGemissionsinEurope
3.1.GHGemissionsduring1990–2007
3.2.GHGemissionspercapitaduring1990–2007
3.3.GHGemissionsperGDPduring1990–2007
3.4.CO2intensityduring1996–2007
4.SituationofGHGemissionsinthereferenceyear(1990)inEuropeandinSpain
5.Resultsofapplicationofproposedmethodology
5.1.ResultsforEU-27andEU-15geographicscenarios
5.1.1.Hypothesis1:
basedonCO2intensity
5.1.2.Hypothesis2:
basedonGHGemissionspercapita
5.1.3.Hypothesis3:
basedontheGHGemissionstoGDPratio
5.2.ResultsintheSpanishgeographicscenario
6.PoliciesandfuturelinesofresearchtoreduceGHGemissions
7.Conclusions
References
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Fuelconsumptionandassociatedemissionsfromseagoingshipsatberthderivedfromanon-boardsurvey OriginalResearchArticle
AtmosphericEnvironment,Volume44,Issue9,March2010,Pages1229-1236
J.H.J.Hulskotte,H.A.C.DeniervanderGon
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Abstract
Amethodologyispresentedtoestimatetheemissionsofshipsatberthbasedontheiractualfuelconsumptionandthefuelquality.Accurateestimatesofemissionsfromshipsatberthdemandreliableknowledgeofthefuelconsumptionwhileatberthandassociatedfuelcharacteristics.However,assuredinformationaboutenergyuseandfuelconsumptionofseagoingshipsatberthisscarce.Properestimationofshipemissionsatberthiscrucialforunderstandingtheimpactofshippingemissionsonairqualityandhealthinharbourcitiesaswellasforaproperevaluationoftheimpactofabatementmeasuressuchasshore-sideelectricityand/orrestrictionsofsulphurcontentforshippingfuelstobeusedinports.Therefore,asurveyofenergyconsumptionandfueluseonboardof89seagoingshipswasmadeinclosecooperationwiththePortofRotterdam.RotterdamisthemajorportofEuropeensuringthattheresultswillhaverelevanceforthelargerEuropeandomain.Onboardoftheshipsatberth,aquestionnairewasfilledinbythechiefengineerofthatparticularship,assistedbytwoformermechanicalshippingengineersemployedatourorganization.Surveyresultsaswellastheemissionestimationsarecomparedtothe(scarce)informationthatisavailableandexpertjudgementsinrecentstudies.ThecompiledsurveydataunderliethecurrentDutchemissionestimationmethodologyforemissionsofshipsatberth.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methodology
2.1.Questionnaire
2.2.Fuelconsumption
2.3.Verificationofenergyconsumption
2.3.1.VerificationofenergyconsumptionofcontainershipsinRotterdam
2.3.2.Verificationofenergyconsumptionofotherships
2.4.Typeoffuels
2.5.Typeofenginesandmachinery
2.6.Emissioncalculationscheme
2.6.1.Emissionfactors
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.Activitydata
3.2.EmissionsfromshipsatberthinthePortofRotterdam
3.3.Genericapplicabilityofthesurveyoutcome
4.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Whowillbuyelectriccars?
AnempiricalstudyinGermany OriginalResearchArticle
TransportationResearchPartD:
TransportandEnvironment,Volume16,Issue3,May2011,Pages236-243
TheoLieven,SilkeMühlmeier,SvenHenkel,JohannF.Waller
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Abstract
Thisstudyforecaststhemarketpotentialofelectricvehiclesbylookingat14categoriesofvehicle.Itweighstheindividualprioritiesagainstsocialpreferencesandaselectionprocessisusedtoanalyseprioritiesandbarrierstoallowindividualsconsideredpotentialelectricvehiclebuyerstobeidentified.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Themethodology
2.1.Vehicleusesandtypes
2.2.Socialpreferences
2.3.IndividualbarrierstoEVpurchase
3.Results
3.1.Discussion
3.2.Evaluationoftheprocedure
4.Conclusion
References
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Researchhighlights
►Priceandrangearethecrucialpurchasecriteriaforelectricvehicles(EVs).►Althoughmicro/citycarsarelesssusceptibletorange,pricesensitivityishigh.►Sports,mid-sizeandexecutiveEVswillhaveahighermarketpotentialthanmicro/citycars.►ParticularlycommercialcarswillbeconsideredasEVs(taxis).►175,000EVscouldbetheannualsalesofEVsinGermany(5%oftotalsales).
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Experimentassessmentofhydrogenproductionfromactivatedaluminumalloysinportablegeneratorforfuelcellapplications OriginalResearchArticle
Energy,Volume35,Issue7,July2010,Pages2922-2926
Mei–qiangFan,Li–xianSun,FenXu
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Abstract
Anexperimentassessmentofhydrogenproductionfromactivatedaluminumalloyinportablehyd