高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破定语从句.docx

1、高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破定语从句专题11 定语从句【2018年高考考纲解读】定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；as引导的非限制性定语从句。【重点、难点剖析】一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his

2、 mother.2Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。第三

3、句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cam

4、bridge.2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago.3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的

5、搭配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：The way(that/which) he explained

6、 to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)三、引导词as, which的区别1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。He wen

7、t abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.x*kw2限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。He is such a good teache

8、r as we all love and respect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the c

9、ase(常有的事)等句子中。He was absent from school, as is often the case.他缺课了，这是常事。四、分隔定语从句一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office)五、关系代词和关系副词的区别当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习

10、中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。1Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此

11、填关系代词that/which。2In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。3Some preschool children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs.分析：把从句补

12、充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。【解题技巧】遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。Is that the small town you often refer to?Right, just the one _ you know I us

13、ed to work for years.分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one _ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。【特别探究】表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的

14、词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。【特别提醒】point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。六、定语从句用法的其他要点(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。1one of复数名

15、词关系代词复数形式动词。如：The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。2the only one of复数名词关系代词单数形式动词。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful mo

16、vies that has been produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。3当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.他通过了高考，

17、这让他父母很高兴。4其他情况。如：I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。(三)注意way和time后接的定语从句的情况1当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.最让我吃惊的不是他的话，而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：The way he explained to us was quite simple.他

18、向我们解释的那种方法很简单。The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。2先行词是time时， 若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。如：This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。This was at

19、a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。【题型示例】题型一、关系代词which引导的定语从句【例1】 (2017全国卷)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _ is not good for the health.【解析】句意：“像其他任何事情一样，两者可能摄入过多，这一点对健康没有好处。”分析句子结构，由逗号以及句意可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少

20、主语，且意为“这一点，这件事”，故应用关系代词which指代前面整个句子。【答案】which【变式探究】【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。故选B。【变式探

21、究】(2015课标全国，64)Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 立意与点拨：考查定语从句的引导词。其判定依据主要是看从句中缺少什么成分。从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，应填关系代词；从句中缺少状语时，应填关系副词。 【举一反三】(2015浙江，19)Creating an atmosp

22、here in _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. 立意与点拨：考查定语从句。句意为：创造一种员工把自己看作团队一部分的氛围是一个巨大的挑战。分析句子结构可知，先行词是atmosphere，定语从句中缺少地点状语，且设空处前有介词in，故只能填which。 答案：which引导词有介词通常用whom或which作关系代词，本题中关系词指代物，由此判断只能用which。【变式探究】That evening，_ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very lat

23、e.Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen【变式探究】 It is the third time that she has won the race，_ has surprised us all.Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhat【答案】C【解析】句意：这是她第三次赢得比赛，这令我们所有人都感到惊讶。本题考查非限制性定语从句。逗号前面的整个句子为先行词，关系词在定语从句中充当主语，故选择C项。【变式探究】The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.Ain it

24、 Bin Cin that Din which x/kw【答案】B【解析】句意：那所我在里面长大的房子已经被拆掉，取而代之的是一座办公大楼。此题考查定语从句。从句中的谓语动词为不及物动词短语，省去的关系代词that/which在定语从句中作介词in的宾语，in the house在定语从句中作地点状语。【方法技巧】that，which代表物，区别且听我来述；先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；先行词前有两数，就用that定无误；先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑；句中若有there be，that应把which替；先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里。题型二、whose引导的定语从句【例2】【

25、2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A答案whose【变式探究】(2014山东，10)A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.解析考查定语从句。句意：利润来源于国内市场且在下降的公司可以到国外寻找机会。此处关系代词whose作定语。答案whose【变式探究】I wish to thank

26、 Professor Smith，without _ help I would never have got this far.Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich【答案】B【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢Smith教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。【变式探究】The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。先行词The

27、 old temple和定语从句中的主语roof是所属关系，所以要用关系代词作定语。关系代词作定语时可用“whosen.”，“then.of which”或“of whichthen.”三种结构，此题中采用的是第一种结构。若用另外两种结构，应该是the roof of which或of which the roof。【方法技巧】1whose引导的定语从句whose在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。(1)表示物时相当于“the名词ofwhich”或“ofwhichthe名词”。(2)表示人时相当于“the名词ofwhom”或“ofwhom

28、the名词”。2whose引导的定语从句与并列句的区别whose引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their的并列句混淆。如：China has the 3rd longest river in the world，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句)China has the 3rd longest river in the world，and its name is the Yangze River.(并列句)题型三、where引导的定语从句【例3】(2015北京，24改编)Opposite is St.Pauls Church，_you can

29、hear some lovely music. 立意与点拨：从句中缺少地点状语。 答案：where本句为定语从句，先行词是表示地点的专有名词St.Pauls Church，从句中缺少地点状语，所以填where。句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。【变式探究】Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected.【举一反三】He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.

30、【答案】where【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中，他解释了这起事故中发生的事情。定语从句中有主语和宾语，先行词在从句中作地点状语，关系副词where相当于in which。【变式探究】Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere【答案】D【解析】where引导定语从句并在从句中作状语，相当于in which，即in the position。【变式探究】Whatever is left ove

31、r may be put into the refrigerator，_ it will keep for two or three weeks.Awhen Bwhich Cwhere Dwhile【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：无论剩下什么东西，都可以放入冰箱中，在那儿可以保存两三个星期。“where it will keep for two or three weeks”是定语从句，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。【方法技巧】不是地点胜似“地点”“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词where高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点”。事实上，对于where这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先