TWE议论文写作概论.docx

1、TWE议论文写作概论TWE议论文写作概论 议论文亦称论说文,目的在于论说一种观点.论说的过程包含对别的观点的驳斥.托福中议论文作文题所给的条件一般包括一个问题,两种观点或几种选择,要求考生加以评论,提出自己的看法,或选择,并说明理由. 托福议论文的作文题特徵决定了作文写法的基本框架,准备时应主要练习两种写法,第一种是演绎法,及把自己的观点在文章的前部直截了当地摆出,然后再把论据一条一条地叙述,支持前面的观点.论据可以合写成一段,也可以按一个论据一个自然段的方式排列.论据写完后,文章便可以结束,也可以再加一段,重提前面的观点,并作进一步的阐说.第二种是归纳法,采用与演绎法相反的手段,显逐条分析,

2、列出论据,最后自然地得出结论,表明自己的观点.无论何种方法,论据应力求全面客观,实事求是,以增强说服力.议论文对语言的要求主要体现在三个方面: 首先,要用恰当的逻辑词表示文章的逻辑性.第二,要注意自然段与主题句的运用,即用自然段表示出文章的逻辑性,并在每段中用主题句说明要点,给人一目了然的感觉.第三个重要方面是句型结构,写作时应注意每句的重心和句与句之间的衔接,使句意一环扣一环,避免松散. 议论文写作样例：到美国留学问题 Some argue that students should stay in their own country and study. Other argue that s

3、tudying in he United States is more beneficial. Discuss the advantages of each situation, and explain which you think is better.试题分析一:条件:到美国留学问题/有人认为学生应在国内学习/有些认为赴美留学更有益二:要求:讨论在国内学习和赴美学习两种情况各自的优点,并说明你认为哪种学习方法更好三:写作分析:本题对每个考生都是熟题,但每个人都有自己的想法,有些想法不宜明言,例如生活标准问题,依赖奖学金或打工助学问题,移民问题等.文章应从正面谈,围绕学习本身,学习环境和学习

4、费用等问题进行分析.根据题目要求,重点应放在两种情况的有利方面.不利的方面也要谈,但只应在比较的过程中谈,目的是得出结论,为自己的观点服务.既然每位考生都想能到外国学习深造,应该取何种观点不言而喻,文中可明确表达. Nowadays, many students of the less developed countries go to the United States to pursue their studies. Some people think that these students are lucky to have the chance while others hold th

5、at it would be better for them to study in their own countries. The two views are bith right to some extent because each situation has its advantages. Students studying in the United States can make use of the modern educational facilities there, such as laboratories,libraries, and teaching aids. Th

6、ey have the access to advanced knowledge of science and technology and they can learn English more quickly than in their own countries. Besides, their contacts wit different cultures and customs can broaden their minds and hence make them have a better understanding of their own countries. Students

7、studying in their home countries have no language barriers in reading books, attending classes, and discussing their lessons with their teachers or fellow students. Consequently, they can achieve better results than in the U.S. Besides, they do not lose contact with the cultures of their home countr

8、ies and they have fewer difficulties in their life. What is more important to most of the students is that education at home is less costly and they can concentrate on their study instead of doing part-time jobs to support their study. My view is that the two situations have both advantages and disa

9、dvantages. To minimaze the losses and maximize the gains, we should fist of all make a sound decision on the optimum time of departure. It is better to learn the basics of our subjects and achieve a certain degree of English proficiency in our home countries because it saves both time and money. Aft

10、er this stage, it is better for us to go the United States and pursue our study there. The life in the U.S. may be busier and sometimes hard, but it is a worthwhile sacrifice for the most important consideration-academic achievements.范文分析文章认为留学较好,但这个观点没在前部表达,而是放在了最后一段.同时,文章的观点并非简单的赞同或反对,避免了绝对化.具体写法与

11、分段如下:第一段:叙述情况,指出各有优点第二段:赴美学习的有利一面第三段:在本国国内学习的有利一面第四段:指出应在国内打基础,然后到美国深造,同时表示决心 议论文写作样例：某大学计划设立一个新的研究中心 A university plans to develop a new research center in your country. Some people want a center for business research. Other people want a center for research in agriculture(farming).Which of these t

12、wo kinds of research centers do you recommend for your country? Use specific reasons in your recommendation.试题分析一.条件: 某大学计划设立一个新的研究中心/有人要建商业中心/另一种建议是建农业研究中心二.要求: 推荐其中一种方案,谈出具体理由.三.写作分析: 该题为陌生题,可能会有内容方面的困难.应该谈本国国内之事,可选任一种方案,但最好谈自己熟悉的话题.要结合实际,列出充足的理由.参考范文: Since the announcement of the Universitys pla

13、n to develop a new research center in our country, many people have showed their concern for the project and expressed their views of type of center it should be. It is now clear that the diversified views have converged to two: a business research center or an agriculture research center. Now that

14、we have to make a decision, I think we should chooses the latter without hesitation. As everybody knows, our country is an agricultural country whose farming produce is not enough to feed its own people. We have no way out but to develop our agriculture because agriculture is the foundation of our n

15、ational economy and because it would be a disaster to the whole world if we rely on foreign food to feed the biggest population in the world. To develop our agriculture, we cannot just call on the peasants to work harder because they have being working the hardest from generation to generation. What

16、 we should do is to raise their educational level and provide them with better seeds, more fertilizers, advanced machinery and equipment, and up-to-date technical advises. In short, we have to rely on science and technology to develop our agriculture.Some people would say that this cannot be a convi

17、ncing reason because science and technology are needed not only in agriculture but also in all other fields. My view is that our situation in agriculture is the most serious and the challenges are the greatest. Ours is a big country with widely different climates and soil conditions. If we are to as

18、sist the peasants, we have to study all types of crops and all the farming conditions in this land. With a research center, these problems can be studied and solved systematically. But so far, no agriculture research center worthy of the name has been set up while there is already a business center

19、in the southern part of the country. Because of the above reasons, I strongly recommend that we develop a research center for agriculture purpose and I also strongly recommend this center be well funded. If wee take this step and succeed in this endeavor, our agricultural produce will be greatly inc

20、reased and our whole national economy will have a solid foundation.范文写法说明:结合我国国情,选择设立农业研究中心的方案.采用演绎法,先摆出总的观点,然后谈出理由.全文分五个自然段:(1)说明情况,表明态度.(2)农业落后,必须发展.(3)发展农业应靠科技.(4)农业最需要科技(5)重申观点,进一步强调.议论文写作样例：体力型娱乐活动与脑力型活动相比较 There are people who argue that physical recreation is more important than intellectual

21、activities. There are others who believe the opposite. Which do you think is more valuable to someone of your age?试题分析一. 条件:体力型娱乐活动与脑力型活动相比较/有人认为前者更重要/有人认为后者更重要.二. 要求:两种观点选其一,谈对你这种年纪的人哪种活动更有价值.三. 写作分析: 该题为熟题,凡学生都有体会和见解.为写作方便,两种活动都应理解为工作,学习之余的娱乐活动. 观点可自定,但必须能自圆其说.体力与脑力之间的关系不能孤立地谈, 应考虑年龄,职业,身体状况,精神状态等

22、因素. 因此,文章应采取辩证的观点,重在分析. 若用演绎法,应先表明观点,然后逐条说明理由;若用归纳法,则应先分析利弊,最后得出结论. Though physical recreation and intellectual activities are two basic ways in which people spend their leisure time, the former is more important for people of my generation, who are in their twenties and who are still studying hard

23、for more academic achievements. This view is based on a consideration of our age, our main occupation, and the characteristics of the two forms of recreation. We young people are full of energy and physically active, but we have to sit for hours a day racking our brains. What we need to complement t

24、his way of life is something that can make up the lack of physical exercise and at the same time divert our attention for a while from our academic work. Intellecture activities such as chess games, reading novels, and listening to music can help us escape from our worries and make us forget our stu

25、dy for a moment, but they involve no physical activities and, whats more, they are more or less still a form of mental activities. For instance, we may feel mentally tired after some games of chess and our study will be affected. In contrast, physical recreation can provide us with a lot of physical

26、 exercises and true mental relaxation. A ballgame, for example, can build up our muscles, flex our joints, speed up our blood circulation, and enhance our bodily organs. After the game, we may feel physically exhausted, but we can sit down and get absorbed in our study more easily. The above view, h

27、owever, does not mean that one form is meat and the other is poison. Occasionally, when we are physically exhausted or when we are in good mood, a game of chess or an interesting TV program can make us feel much better afterwards.范文写法说明: 采用演绎法,现表明自己的观点,后说明理由. 文章用简单的三段式方式,只有三个自然段,如下: (1)总的观点与理由(2)具体说

28、明(3)指出例外情况,使分析严密议论文写作样例：学生/俱乐部/运动之类的校内活动 Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports. Other students do not take part in such activities because they spend more time on their studies. Tell why you think the two groups of students spend their time differently. Which type o

29、f student do you prefer to be? Explain why?试题分析:一,条件: 学生/俱乐部/运动之类的校内活动/有些学生参加这类活动/有些学生因花在学习上的时间较多而不参加这类活动.二,要求: 解释这两种学生在使用时间方面不相同的原因,并说明你选择成为哪种学生及理由三,写作分析: 本题为学生话题,人人皆有话可说,难度在于分析两种学生的心理因素.人的行为受多种因素制约,当我们讨论某种类型的群体行为时,应注意同一行为背后的不同制约因素.就学生的活动而言,思想起作用,性格也起作用,人与人之间各不相同,应在分析中指出.自己的选择和理由可以以分析为基础. There are

30、 always two kinds of students: those who take an active part in school activities such as clubs, sports, and parties and those who shun school activities and spend more time on their studies. The reason why they behave so can be broadly classified into two types: subconscious and conscious. The subc

31、onscious reason is related to personality. Some students are active because of their sociable personality while those with a lonely personality feel more comfortable when they are on their own. The conscious type is complex and consists of a number of heterogeneous reasons, all of which are related

32、to conscious choices. Some students choose to take an active part in school activities because they want to get more experiences, make more friends, train themselves physically, relax themselves mentally or simply enjoy themselves. Other students spend more time studying because they think their study is more important than everything else or because they have difficulties in their study and have to cut out all nonacademic activities. As a student myself, Im always of the view that we should make full use of our precious time and try our best to study we