初二下学期语法总结.docx

1、初二下学期语法总结初二下学期语法总结Unit 1一般将来时 1) will 在陈述句中用于各人称，will+系v。Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +系，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3)

2、be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。there be 句式的一般将来时态there will bein+一段时间 “在.以后”after+时间点 much 修饰不可数名词，many 修饰可数名词，more 是much和many的比较级，few 修饰可可数名词，fewer是few的比较级，less是little的比较级.be famous for 因而出名 be famous as +职业n. 作为.而出名t

3、ry to do sth. 尽力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做.You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种花卉，但未成功。stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事 stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke . 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。such +adj.+n.(p.l) = so many +adj.+n(p.l)例：such nice girls = so many ni

4、ce girlsunit 2should 和could 的区别:You should表示你应该做某事 you could 表示的是你能做某事,作为you can 的过去式一.should作为情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，其后接动词原形，其否定形式为should not或shouldnt.其用法有1.表示劝告或建议可与ought to互换，但语气比ought to委婉。例如: Nieole should join the elub.尼科尔应该参加那个俱乐部2.表示猜测或可能Jaek thought you should be there.杰克还以为你会在那里呢3.表示责任和义务We should

5、 keeP the school rules.我们应该遵守校规二. can/ could1.表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。 The temperature can fall to 0. 气温可降至0。 2.表示允许 Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？ 3.比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法 Could you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？ Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.

6、 让某人做. ask sb for sth(n.)问某人要borrow sth from sb 借入 lend sth to sb 借出被动语态1.当句子的主语为动作的承受者即受动者，动词用被动语态。Eg. John helped Peter. （John是动作的施行者，而Peter是动作的承受者即承受者） Peter was helped by John. （Peter是句子的主语，而且是动作的承受者，所以用被动语态）被动语态的构成：be + 动词的过去分词I promise that baby will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. t

7、ake care D. take care ofbe always doing sth 总是做某事the + 姓名+s 表示“一家人” ep: the Smiths史密斯一家人find it +adj+to do sth 发现做某事是的感官动词 + doing/ do感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性，表示正在做某事；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性，表示做了某事.I saw him work in the garden yester

8、day.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调我见他正干活这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活关于notuntil/untilnot.until是 直到.才 until是 直到I did not go to sleep until my mother come back.意思是我直到妈妈回来才睡觉I slept until mother come back意思是我一直睡,睡到妈妈回来unit 3过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）用法：be(过去式) +V.ing3）过去进

9、行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。典型例题1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fall

10、ingD. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。over = more than 超过，多于ep:I have over 100 yuan.=I have more than 100 yuan.unti 4hope to do sth =hope that+从句 希望可以have a hard time with sth/doing sth 做某事吃力过去完

11、成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词 表示那时以前2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词（过去式）后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never gone to Paris.b. 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原

12、本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)一般用于过去完成时的时间状语：before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.典型例题 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a b

13、ook she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。both 两者都 neither 两者都不 all 三者以上 none 三者以上都不unit 5if的用法1. (表示条件)如果 He wil

14、l come if you invite him. 如果你请他,他会来的。 2. (表示虚拟)假如,要是 If I were you, I would never do that. 如果我是你,我决不做那件事。 3. (表示让步)即使 Well go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。 4. 是否 =whetherI wonder if she is ill. 不知她是否病了。half of +复数n./不可数n.Why not do sth? = Why dont you do sth?比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作

15、；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / unti

16、l, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）She has returned from Paris.

17、她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last nightunit 6现在完成进行时1）构成：主语+have（has）been+动词-ing2）其表达的意思有两种：1.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。I have bee

18、n learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)3）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。I have been knowing.（x）这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。4)现在完成进行：fo

19、r+一段时间 / since+过去某特定时间 / since+句子（过去时）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：现在完成时：表示已经结束了，动作只是暂时性的，并没有延续至今。I have already read the book for three times.我已经读了这本书三遍了现在完成进行时：表示动作已经发生了，并且持续至今。He has been crying since you went abroad.自从你出国，他一直哭（到现在）ep: I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.（动作已

20、经完成）我已经写了一本书。all,every,each的区别：1. 三者都可用来概括全体，但强调重点不同：all(全部)是整体性地考虑总体(具有概括性)，every (每个)是考虑总体中的所有成员(与 all 很接近)，each (每个)是逐个逐个地考虑总体(具有个别性)。比较： All men die. 所有的人都是要死的。Every man dies. 每一个人都要死的。Each man must die alone. 人都必然会一个个地死去。2. all 和 each 既可作形容词(其后接名词)，也可用作代词( 单独使用或后接 of 短语)；而 every 却只能用作形容词(其后接名词)

21、，不能用作代词(即不能单独使用或后接 of 短语)。如：正：all books / Each is good. 所有的书 / 每个都很好。误：every of the books / Every is good.3.each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every 指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用 each。如：There are trees on each side of the road. 路两边都有树。4. every 可受 almost, nearly 等副词的修饰，但 each 却不能。如：差不多每个学生都读过这本书。正：Almost every student has

22、read the book.误：Almost each student has read the book.both 和 each 的区别each 是两者中的“每一个”的意思(表个体)both 是两者“都”的意思(用于肯定) Each of them 他们俩中的每一个.Both of them 他们两个都.unit 7would you mind ones doing sth? 你介意某人做？sth. is broken 某物坏了a bit = a little + adj/adv a bit of = a little +不可数n.some time 一段时间 some times 几次 s

23、ometimes 有时 sometime 某个时候省to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)2） 使役动词 let, have, make3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.4） would rather，had better5） Why / why not6） help 可带to，也可不带to,

24、 help sb (to) do sth：7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。典型例题1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying t

25、o go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。one/another/the other的区别 one the other只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another，anothersome others，ot

26、hersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部1) 泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。unit 8have fun doing sth /with sth. 和more

27、有关的词组1) the more the more越就越 The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样，不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样He is no less

28、diligent than you.4) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing记得

29、做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished t

30、his one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习比较so和 suchsuch 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。so + adj. such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + a(n) + adj. + n. so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可数such +n. 不可数so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flowerso many/ few flowers such nice flowersso much/little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot o