外语教学法90分笔记.docx

1、外语教学法90分笔记外语教学法复习笔记第一章 总论The Nature of FLTM外语教学法的性质FLTM is a science which studies the processes and pattern of foreign language teaching, aiming at revealing the nature and laws of foreign language teaching. That is to say, it examines the practices and procedures in foreign language teaching; stud

2、ies approaches, methods and techniques; and also studies principles and belief that underlie them. In short, FLTM is an inter-disciplinary science and it makes uses of theories of different subjects. 学科性质It includes a lot of disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics and sociolin

3、guistics. Therefore, we say that FLTM is an inter-disciplinary science and it makes use of many subjects.语言研究的历史 we are quite certain that ,according to the records available ,language study is at least more than 2500 years old.The goal of foreign language teachingis to help the learner master the t

4、arget language in the shortest possible time.What do we mean by mastering the target language? We mean that the learner is able to have successful communications with others in the target language.Theories of Linguistics语言学理论Traditional linguistics: 传统语言学The traditional linguistics we mean the tradi

5、tional study of language in ancient Greece. It has a tradition of more than 2000 years. In the fifth century B.C. the ancient Greeks began to make a serious study of language in the realm领域 of philosophy.古希腊的两个著名论战：one was between the naturalists and the conventionalists on the relations between for

6、m and meaning. The naturalists argued that the forms of words reflected directly the nature of objects while the conventionalists thought that language was conventional and there was no logic connection between form and meaning of words. The other was between the analogists and anomalists on the reg

7、ularizes of language. the analogists thought that language in general was regular and there were rules for people to follow while the anomalists thought that language was basically irregular and that was why there were so many exception and irregularities in the Greek language. Natural of traditiona

8、l linguistics传统语言学的特征： Traditional linguistics was practical in nature. People made a study of language in order to understand the classic words of ancient times and to teach students. They gave priority to the written form and used words as their starting point. They often took a prescriptive appro

9、ach when they discussed rules of language. American structuralism 美国结构主义It started at the beginning of the 20th century in America. It became popular and influential in the 1930s and 40s through the world. The two forerunners of structuralism Franz Boas and Edward Sapir. Franz Boas found that the tr

10、aditional grammatical model could not be used to analyse the structures of those languages. Sapir found that although Indians languages had no written forms, they were very systematic and were very efficient in communications within their communities. The father of American structuralism Leonard Blo

11、omfield. He accepted the theories and principles of behaviourism. He characterized language and language acquisition in terms of behaviourist terminology. He thought language was a habit of verbal behaviour which consisted of a series of stimuli and responses. He argued that to acquire a language wa

12、s to form a habit of verbal behaviour and learning a second language was learning a new habit. He thought that speech was primary and writing was secondary. Transformational generative linguistics 转换生成语言学The transformational generative linguistics was first put forward by Noam Chomsky in 1957. He wr

13、ote a book Syntactic Structures to spread his theory. His main points-Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device(LAD). This LAD is made up of general principles called universal grammar. Once the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD.

14、The child will use and test the principles again and again until his hypothesis agree with the actual grammar of the language. Chomsky has also made the distinction between the linguistic competence and linguistic performance. linguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge that at native

15、 speaker of that language processes. Linguistic performance refers to the actual utterance produced by the native speakers. Chomsky believes that linguistics should study the linguistic competence, not the performance, of the native speaker so as to set up a system of rules that will generate an inf

16、inite number of grammatical sentences. In order to gain the goal, Chomsky argues that we should use a deductive, hypothesis-testing approach should be used. Functional Linguistics 功能语言学It develops from the London School of linguistics and the precursor of it was Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis con

17、clusion is that “the meaning of any single word is to a very hign degree dependent on its context.” And an utterances has no meaning at all if it is out of the context of situation. It was Malinowski who created the phrase “context of situation”. J.R.Firth, a linguist, approached the context of situ

18、ation from a different point of view. He accepted Malinowskis view and he thought the meaning of linguistic items depends on the context of situation. Firths main approach to the notion of function in context was by means of concept system. He believes any linguistic item has got two sets of context

19、: the context of the other possible choices in a system and the context where the system itself occurs. People refer to his theory as system-structure theory. Halliday developed Firths theory of systemic linguistics and made progress in the study of context. He thought linguistic events should be ac

20、counted for at three primary levels: substance, form and context. The substance is the material of language which can be phonic or grahic. The form is the organization of the substance into meaningful events. The context is the relation of the form to non-linguistic features of the situations in whi

21、ch the language operates, and the relation of form to linguistic features other than those of the item under attention. He also said that language has formal meaning and contextual meaning. The formal meaning of a linguistic item is its operation in the network of formal relations. The contextual me

22、aning of an item refers to its relation to extra features, i.e. the context. Halliday thought a particular situation type consists of three dimensions: the ongoing social activity, the role relationship involved, and the sysbolic or rhetorical channel. He called these three dimensions “field”, “teno

23、r”, and “mode”. He believes that there is a systematic relationship between the context and the text.Theories of Psychology心理学理论The first laboratory of experimental psychology was set up at the University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. It announced the official birth of psychology. It was opened by W

24、illhelm Wundt.第一个心理实验室建立 Gestalt psychology 格式塔心理学 It was founded by a group of German psychologists in the 1920s. Their research was focused on the area of perception, aiming at the study of the relationship between parts and whole in peoples perception experience. They found that people perceived

25、objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component pars. They used the word Gestalt, which means “ organized shape ” or “whole form” in English, to name their school of psychology They argued that an object was not the sum of the individual parts. For example, an article is n

26、ot the sum of individual words that make up the article. So peoples mind should be understood in terms of a whole. Psychoanalysis精神分析法 It is theory of the mind put forward by Sigmund Freud. Freud found that many of his patients mental problems were caused by some disturbing events in their childhood

27、. But the patients could not remember these disturbing events. The part of the mind which is out of the reach of consciousness was called by Freud the subconscious mind, Which was the most important concept in psychoanalysis. Freud divided the mind into conscious and unconscious mind and he was the

28、first to study unconscious mind. Freud believed the contents of the unconscious mind consist of buried memories and instinctive wishes and will influence the activities of the conscious mind. The basic approach of Freud was to analyse the irrational behaviour of the patients, including their dreams

29、and slips of the tongue. Behaviorism 行为主义 In 1913, the American psychologist John B. Watson published an article “ Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it ”. The article was regarded as a formal introduction to behaviorism. Watson did a lot of experiments with nonhuman animals and animals behaviors w

30、ithout any consideration of the animals mind. The goal of psychology set out in his articles was to understand the environmental conditions that would cause an animal to behave in a particular way. According to Watson, there was no fundamental difference between human behavior and that of other anim

31、als. Watsons ideas were accepted by many psychologists. The dominant position of behaviorism was maintained until the mid-1960s. The leader of behaviorism was Skinner. He developed a new kind of apparatus for studying learning in animals and a new way of describing the learning process. Watsons theo

32、ry is called classic behaviorism while Skinners theory is called neo-behaviorism. The early behaviorists focused the attention on the topic of learning and they tried to characterize learning in terms of stimuli and response. Stimuli are observable events in the world that affect behavior and respon

33、ses are observable behavioral acts. Skinner argued that learning process could be divided into two kinds: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning a stimulus that did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response. By operant conditioning the occurrence of a response will be