外语教学法90分笔记.docx
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外语教学法90分笔记
外语教学法复习笔记
第一章总论
TheNatureofFLTM外语教学法的性质
FLTMisasciencewhichstudiestheprocessesandpatternofforeignlanguageteaching,aimingatrevealingthenatureandlawsofforeignlanguageteaching.Thatistosay,itexaminesthepracticesandproceduresinforeignlanguageteaching;studiesapproaches,methodsandtechniques;andalsostudiesprinciplesandbeliefthatunderliethem.Inshort,FLTMisaninter-disciplinaryscienceanditmakesusesoftheoriesofdifferentsubjects.
学科性质Itincludesalotofdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,psychology,psycholinguisticsandsociolinguistics.Therefore,wesaythatFLTMisaninter-disciplinaryscienceanditmakesuseofmanysubjects.
语言研究的历史wearequitecertainthat,accordingtotherecordsavailable,languagestudyisatleastmorethan2500yearsold.
Thegoalofforeignlanguageteaching—istohelpthelearnermasterthetargetlanguageintheshortestpossibletime.
Whatdowemeanbymasteringthetargetlanguage?
—Wemeanthatthelearnerisabletohavesuccessfulcommunicationswithothersinthetargetlanguage.
TheoriesofLinguistics语言学理论
⑴Traditionallinguistics:
传统语言学
ThetraditionallinguisticswemeanthetraditionalstudyoflanguageinancientGreece.Ithasatraditionofmorethan2000years.InthefifthcenturyB.C.theancientGreeksbegantomakeaseriousstudyoflanguageintherealm领域ofphilosophy.
古希腊的两个著名论战:
onewasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalistsontherelationsbetweenformandmeaning.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformsofwordsreflecteddirectlythenatureofobjectswhiletheconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.
Theotherwasbetweentheanalogistsandanomalistsontheregularizesoflanguage.—theanalogiststhoughtthatlanguageingeneralwasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollowwhiletheanomaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasbasicallyirregularandthatwaswhythereweresomanyexceptionandirregularitiesintheGreeklanguage.
Naturaloftraditionallinguistics传统语言学的特征:
Traditionallinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertounderstandtheclassicwordsofancienttimesandtoteachstudents.Theygaveprioritytothewrittenformandusedwordsastheirstartingpoint.Theyoftentookaprescriptiveapproachwhentheydiscussedrulesoflanguage.
⑵Americanstructuralism美国结构主义Itstartedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyinAmerica.Itbecamepopularandinfluentialinthe1930sand40sthroughtheworld.Thetwoforerunnersofstructuralism—FranzBoasandEdwardSapir.FranzBoasfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructuresofthoselanguages.SapirfoundthatalthoughIndians’languageshadnowrittenforms,theywereverysystematicandwereveryefficientincommunicationswithintheircommunities.ThefatherofAmericanstructuralism—LeonardBloomfield.Heacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofbehaviourism.Hecharacterizedlanguageandlanguageacquisitionintermsofbehaviouristterminology.Hethoughtlanguagewasahabitofverbalbehaviourwhichconsistedofaseriesofstimuliandresponses.Hearguedthattoacquirealanguagewastoformahabitofverbalbehaviourandlearningasecondlanguagewaslearninganewhabit.Hethoughtthatspeechwasprimaryandwritingwassecondary.
⑶Transformationalgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学
ThetransformationalgenerativelinguisticswasfirstputforwardbyNoamChomskyin1957.HewroteabookSyntacticStructurestospreadhistheory.Hismainpoints---Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).ThisLADismadeupofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Oncethechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Thechildwilluseandtesttheprinciplesagainandagainuntilhishypothesisagreewiththeactualgrammarofthelanguage.Chomskyhasalsomadethedistinctionbetweenthelinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance.⑷linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgethatatnativespeakerofthatlanguageprocesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheactualutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.Chomskybelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakersoastosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.Inordertogainthegoal,Chomskyarguesthatweshoulduseadeductive,hypothesis-testingapproachshouldbeused.
⑷FunctionalLinguistics功能语言学
ItdevelopsfromtheLondonSchooloflinguisticsandtheprecursorofitwasBronislawMalinowski.Malinowski’sconclusionisthat“themeaningofanysinglewordistoaveryhigndegreedependentonitscontext.”Andanutteranceshasnomeaningatallifitisoutofthecontextofsituation.ItwasMalinowskiwhocreatedthephrase“contextofsituation”.J.R.Firth,alinguist,approachedthecontextofsituationfromadifferentpointofview.HeacceptedMalinowski’sviewandhethoughtthemeaningoflinguisticitemsdependsonthecontextofsituation.Firth’smainapproachtothenotionoffunctionincontextwasbymeansofconceptsystem.Hebelievesanylinguisticitemhasgottwosetsofcontext:
thecontextoftheotherpossiblechoicesinasystemandthecontextwherethesystemitselfoccurs.Peoplerefertohistheoryassystem-structuretheory.HallidaydevelopedFirth’stheoryofsystemiclinguisticsandmadeprogressinthestudyofcontext.Hethoughtlinguisticeventsshouldbeaccountedforatthreeprimarylevels:
substance,formandcontext.Thesubstanceisthematerialoflanguagewhichcanbephonicorgrahic.Theformistheorganizationofthesubstanceintomeaningfulevents.Thecontextistherelationoftheformtonon-linguisticfeaturesofthesituationsinwhichthelanguageoperates,andtherelationofformtolinguisticfeaturesotherthanthoseoftheitemunderattention.Healsosaidthatlanguagehasformalmeaningandcontextualmeaning.Theformalmeaningofalinguisticitemisitsoperationinthenetworkofformalrelations.Thecontextualmeaningofanitemreferstoitsrelationtoextrafeatures,i.e.thecontext.Hallidaythoughtaparticularsituationtypeconsistsofthreedimensions:
theongoingsocialactivity,therolerelationshipinvolved,andthesysbolicorrhetoricalchannel.Hecalledthesethreedimensions“field”,“tenor”,and“mode”.Hebelievesthatthereisasystematicrelationshipbetweenthecontextandthetext.
TheoriesofPsychology心理学理论
ThefirstlaboratoryofexperimentalpsychologywassetupattheUniversityofLeipzig,Germany,in1879.Itannouncedtheofficialbirthofpsychology.ItwasopenedbyWillhelmWundt.第一个心理实验室建立
⑴Gestaltpsychology格式塔心理学
ItwasfoundedbyagroupofGermanpsychologistsinthe1920s.Theirresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimingatthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeople’sperceptionexperience.Theyfoundthatpeopleperceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentpars.TheyusedthewordGestalt,whichmeans“organizedshape”or“wholeform”inEnglish,tonametheirschoolofpsychologyTheyarguedthatanobjectwasnotthesumoftheindividualparts.Forexample,anarticleisnotthesumofindividualwordsthatmakeupthearticle.Sopeople’smindshouldbeunderstoodintermsofawhole.
⑵Psychoanalysis精神分析法
ItistheoryofthemindputforwardbySigmundFreud.Freudfoundthatmanyofhispatients’mentalproblemswerecausedbysomedisturbingeventsintheirchildhood.Butthepatientscouldnotrememberthesedisturbingevents.ThepartofthemindwhichisoutofthereachofconsciousnesswascalledbyFreudthesubconsciousmind,Whichwasthemostimportantconceptinpsychoanalysis.Freuddividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmindandhewasthefirsttostudyunconsciousmind.Freudbelievedthecontentsoftheunconsciousmindconsistofburiedmemoriesandinstinctivewishesandwillinfluencetheactivitiesoftheconsciousmind.ThebasicapproachofFreudwastoanalysetheirrationalbehaviourofthepatients,includingtheirdreamsandslipsofthetongue.
⑶Behaviorism行为主义
In1913,theAmericanpsychologistJohnB.Watsonpublishedanarticle“PsychologyastheBehavioristViewsit”.Thearticlewasregardedasaformalintroductiontobehaviorism.Watsondidalotofexperimentswithnonhumananimalsandanimal’sbehaviorswithoutanyconsiderationoftheanimal’smind.Thegoalofpsychologysetoutinhisarticleswastounderstandtheenvironmentalconditionsthatwouldcauseananimaltobehaveinaparticularway.AccordingtoWatson,therewasnofundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanbehaviorandthatofotheranimals.Watson’sideaswereacceptedbymanypsychologists.Thedominantpositionofbehaviorismwasmaintaineduntilthemid-1960s.
TheleaderofbehaviorismwasSkinner.Hedevelopedanewkindofapparatusforstudyinglearninginanimalsandanewwayofdescribingthelearningprocess.Watson’stheoryiscalledclassicbehaviorismwhileSkinner’stheoryiscalledneo-behaviorism.Theearlybehavioristsfocusedtheattentiononthetopicoflearningandtheytriedtocharacterizelearningintermsofstimuliandresponse.Stimuliareobservableeventsintheworldthataffectbehaviorandresponsesareobservablebehavioralacts.Skinnerarguedthatlearningprocesscouldbedividedintotwokinds:
classicalconditioningandoperantconditioning.Inclassicalconditioningastimulusthatdidnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponse.Byoperantconditioningtheoccurrenceofaresponsewillbe