英语句子成分详解.docx

1、英语句子成分详解英语句子成分详解句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。一主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体、对象。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、“疑问词+不定式”、从句等。 1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代词

2、用作主语。如：He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑)Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation. 假期里大家都过得很愉快。3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化的形容词用作主语。 The old and the young are taken good care of in that village. 5副词用作主语(极少见)。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 6名词

3、化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It is impossible to defeat a person who never gives up.要打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的。8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, while making one

4、is hard work. 看电影是乐事,制作影片则是苦事. 9 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The unemployed got much help from the government.10. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.从延安到南泥湾骑马要三个小时。 11. 从句用作主语。如: That he fin

5、ished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. 为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语(从句)搁置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match. It is important that we all should attend

6、the meeting. It is said that he has gone to shanghai.It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.It seems that he has seen the film. 二谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb)是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，其位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。 1由简单的动词构成。(简单谓语) (1). What happened? 发生

7、了什么事？ (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2由动词短语构成的谓语。（复合谓语） (1). I am reading. 我在看书。 (2). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。(3). Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 谓语是句子的灵魂，谓语的

8、变化可以反映：时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，这也是高中语法最重要的内容。 三表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） 2So thats that. 就是这样。（代词） 3We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） 4Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） 5Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） 6A

9、ll I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式） 7Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见 /眼见为实（动名词） 8Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过去分词） 9She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语） 10Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） 11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） 12. The reason why he didnt co

10、me to school is that he got ill. 他没有来上学的原因是他生病了。13. What I want is what he has got.补充： 除了系动词be外，还有些能做系动词的实义动词，也称为半系动词，其后也要接形容词做表语： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Com

11、e后常加 easy , loose, natural 等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 3. Keep fit.保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool，warm ，silent，clean，dry 四宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句、“疑问词+不定式”等。 1Do you fancy a

12、 drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词） 6Does she really want to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式） 7. We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen. 我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。(

13、动名词)8He never did the unexpected. 他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词） 9Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句）10. He told me that he would go to the college the next year. 他告诉我他明年上大学11. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车.12. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试. 13.

14、Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?She doesnt understand how to look after him. 她不知道应如何照顾他。We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。扩展 + 归纳： 一、宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dat

15、ive verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，了一个职位。动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构： A、 动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：Please show me your passport.B、 动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to, 如：Please show your p

16、assport to me.但动词是make, buy, get, cook, borrow, sing时,介词用for.如： Please make me a kite. = Please make a kite for me.C、还有少数动词+sb.+ of + sth。如： inform sbof sth remind sbof sth rid sbof sth warn sbof sth rob sbof sth cheat sbof sth cure sbof sth accuse/charge sbof sth二、以下是需要强化记忆的：A：习惯上要接不定式作宾语且不能接动名词作宾语

17、的动词有：afford 付得起 agree 同意 apply 申请 arrange 安排 ask 要求care 想要 choose 决定 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 请求determine 决心 expect 期待 help 帮助 hope 希望 intend 打算manage 设法 offer 主动提出 plan 计划 prepare 准备 pretend 假装promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 want 想要 wish 希望 fail 失败 B：习惯上要接动名词作宾语且不能接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 app

18、reciate 感激 suggest 建议 avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 推迟 deny 否认 stop 停止discuss 讨论 dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱 risk 冒险 excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止 report 报告forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 imagine 想像 keep 保持 put off 推迟mention 提及 mind 介意 miss 没赶上 pardon 原谅permit允许 practise 练习 prevent 阻止 prohibit 禁止请看以下

19、典型用例：I admit breaking the window. 我承认窗子是我打破的。I appreciate being given this opportunity. 非常感谢给了我这个机会。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended. 我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。He suggested taking the children to the zoo. 他提议带孩子们去动物园。【说明】advise, allow, forbid, permit等动词之后，虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补

20、足语。如：The doctor advised me to stay in for a few days. 医生嘱我在家休息几天。The nurse allowed him to remain there, though it was not permitted. 护士让他留在那儿，而按规定那是不许可的。C：既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思基本相同，有时甚至可以互换的动词主要有：有的动词既可后接不定式作宾语，也可后接动名词作宾语，like 喜欢 love 喜欢 hate 憎恨 prefer 宁可begin 开始 start 开始 continue 继续 cant bear 不能忍受bo

21、ther 麻烦 intend 打算 attempt 试图 cease 停止 请看以下典型用例：They continued to meet meeting daily. 他们继续每天都见面。I like keeping to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢将每件东西都保持整洁。She never ceased complaining to complain about prices. 她没完没了地抱怨物价。【注意】当 like, love, hate, prefer 与 would, should 连用时，其后习惯上只能接不定式，不能接动名词。 D、既可接不定式也可接动名词

22、作宾语、两者意思不相同的动词主要有：(1) remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较：Remember to turn out the lights before you go to bed. 临睡前别忘了关灯。I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers. 我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地震的消息。Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or s

23、o. 别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. 我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。I regret to say the job has been filled. 十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。I regret saying what I said. I shouldnt have said it. 我懊悔讲了我讲的话。我是不应当这样讲的。(2) try 后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如：You shouldnt try to leave

24、the restaurant without paying. 你不应该试图不付账就离开饭店。You really must try to overcome your shyness 你确实需要努力克服你的腼腆。(3) mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如：To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things. 打算做一件事和实际上做一件事完全是两回事。If we mean to catch the early bus, that means getti

25、ng up before five. 要想赶早班车，我们就得在5点钟以前起床。(4) stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事（注意：后接不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语）。如：He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有了。The bus stopped to take on more passengers. 公共汽车停下让乘客上车。(5) cant help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如：Shes a funny gi

26、rl, but yet you cant help liking her. 她是一个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。The medicine cant help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。(6) go on 后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如：The minister went on talking for two hours. 部长一连谈了两个小时。The minister went on to talk about foreign policy. 部长接着就谈外交政策。 【专项训练】01. I mustnt

27、annoy my boss because I cant afford _ my job. A. losing B. to lose C. to have lost D. having lost02. We arranged to meet at the cinema at 7.30, but he failed _.A. to turn up B. to turn down C. turning up D. turning down03. I wouldnt have offered _ the plants if Id known there were so many. A. to wat

28、er B. watering C. watered D. to have watered04. Imagine _ the answer to such an easy question! A. not to know B. not knowing C. to not know D. not knew05. They shouldnt allow _ here; the street is too narrow. A. to park B. parked C. being parked D. parking06. She imagined _ into the office and _ eve

29、ryone what she thought of them. A. walking, telling B. to walk, to tell C. to walk, telling D. walking, to tell07. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _ at the next town. A. to stop B. stopped C. stopping D. having stopped08. It annoys me when people forget _ thank you. A. saying B. havin

30、g saying C. to say D. to have said09. I forgot _ a pen. Can you lend me one? A. bringing B. to bring C. having brought D. to have brought10. If youre writing to your mother, dont forget _ something about her coming to stay. A. to put in B. putting in C. to gave put in D. having put in11. We regret _

31、 passengers that the l4.50 train for Cardiff will leave about 37 minutes late. A. to inform B. informing C. informed D. having informed12. She stopped _ about her illness and went on _ us about all her other problems. A. talking, telling B. to talk, to tell C. talking, to tell D. to talk, telling13. He began by _ us where the island was and went on _ us about its climate. A. showing, telling B. to show, to tell C. showing, to tell D. to show, te