新教材人教版 高中英语选择性必修一 第四单元知识点总结全.docx

1、新教材人教版 高中英语选择性必修一 第四单元知识点总结全Unit 4 Body Language一、常见短语表示“看”的相关短语stare at 凝视 盯着看glance at 匆匆一看 瞥一眼glare at 怒视ashamed的常用短语be ashamed of 为感到难为情 为感到尴尬be ashamed to do sth 耻于做某事 不情愿做某事be ashamed that 对感到愧疚adjust的常用短语adjustto 整以适应. adjust to (doing) sth 适应于adjust oneself to 使自己适应于. differ的常用短语differ in 在（

2、方面）不同differ from 与不同differ with sb on/over sth 在某事上与某人有不同之处react的常用短语react to sth 对做出反应react against 反对 反抗react on/ upon 对产生影响react with 与发生化学反应employ的常用短语employ sb as 雇用某人当employ sb to do sth 雇用某人做某事 be employed in doing sth employ oneself in doing sth occupy的常用短语occupy sb/oneself in doing sth/with

3、 sth 使某人/自己忙于（做）某事be occupied in doing sth/with sth 忙于（做）某事favour的常用短语 do sb a favour do a favour for sb in favour of 支持ask sb for a favour ask a favour of sb vary的常用短语vary from 不同于vary fromto. 从到有所变化vary between.and. 在和之间变化vary with 随而变化vary in sth （大小、形状等）不同 有别call的常用短语call on/at 拜访（on后跟人；at后跟地点名词

4、） 叫 号召 要求call for 要求 提倡call in 召集 来访call off 取消 延期call up 给打电话 使回忆起 征召（入伍）break的常用短语break down （机器）损坏 破坏 出故障 失败 垮掉 分解break in 闯入 打断 插嘴break into 闯入break out （战争、火灾等）爆发break up 分散 拆散 驱散 破裂break off 拆开 折断break away from 脱离 打破word的常用短语in other words 换句话说have words with sb 与某人吵架have a word with sb 和某人说话

5、beyond words 无法用言语表达 break ones word 食言keep ones word 信守诺言in a word 总之 简言之word for word 逐字地distinguish的常用短语 distinguish between A and B 区别A和Bdistinguish.from. 把从区别开来distinguish oneself (as) . 作为而出名be distinguished for 因而出名二、易混词（组）辨析1. employ, hire, rentemploy：长时间“雇用”，宾语多是人。 employ a security officer

6、 雇用保安hire：短期、临时或一次性“雇用，租用”，宾语是人或物。hire a boat to go fishing 租一条船去钓鱼rent：长时间“出租，租用”，宾语是房屋、土地等。rent a house from sb 租某人的房子They employ casual labor to pick the fruit.他们雇用临时工摘水果。She was hired three years ago.她是三年前被录用的。She rents a house with three other girl.她和另外3个女孩合租了一套房子。2. stare at, glance at, glare

7、at易混短语区别例句stare at指盯着看，眼睛长时间盯在某个目标上，且常常带有粗鲁、茫然或不礼貌的意味Its impolite to stare at foreign visitors in the street.在街上盯着外国游客看是不礼貌的。glance at指匆匆一看，瞥一眼，目光停留在目标上的时间不长She glanced at the envelope and recognized her uncles handwriting.她瞥了一眼信封，认出了她叔叔的笔迹。glare at指怒视，眼神往往较凶，注视着某个目标时带有威胁或恐吓的意味She glared silently at

8、 me and didnt shout.她默默地怒视着我，没有喊叫。三、常见句型与表达1. 部分否定部分否定：当含有全体意义的代词或副词如all，each，every（及其派生词），both，always，often，entirely，wholly等和否定词not连用的时候，构成部分否定，意为“并非都.并非总是”。Not all cultures greet each other the same way. 不是所有的文化都以同样的方式互相问候All the people didnt arrive on schedule. Not all the people arrived on sched

9、ule.并非所有的人都按时到达。2. “否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义当形容词或副词的比较级出现在否定句中时，往往不表示否定的意义，而是表示充分的肯定，也是一种强调。在比较句型中常使用no，nobody，nothing，never等词表达最高级的意义。 .like nothing better than swimming. 最喜欢游泳.have never seen a better movie than this one. 没有看过比这更好的电影3. 比较级形式表示最高级含义的其他结构 He studies harder thanany other student in his class.

10、 any of the other students in his clsssall the other students in his class anyone else in his class他在班里学习比其他任何学生都努力。4.“It+be+形容词+that.”句型It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。常用于此句型的形容词有clear，true，obvious，possible，strange，likely，certain，fortunate，surprising，important，necessary等。It is surprising that he came lat

11、e to school this morning.令人惊奇的是，今天早上他上学迟到了。 It is certain that peoples views on happiness are affected greatly by their own life experience.当然，人们对于幸福的看法，很大程度上受到他们自己生活阅历的影响。it代替that引导的主语从句做形式主语的其他常见句型： It+ be+（a fact，a pity，a wonder，a shame，an honour，a question 等）+ that.It is a great pity that our sc

12、hool band will split up after graduation.很可惜，毕业后我们学校的乐队就要解散了。 It is a well-known fact that cigarettes contain many chemicals that will affect your health.香烟含有许多影响健康的化学物质，这是一个众所周知的事实。 It + be + 过去分词（said，known，announced，believed，reported，suggested，advised，required等） + that .It is said that different

13、tea has different benefits, right?据说不种的茶会有不同的益处，是吗?It is universally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.人们普遍认为教学既是一门科学，也是一门艺术。注：在“It is important/strange/necessary/.that”或者“It is suggested/advised/ required/.that”等句型中，从句的谓语要用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。it做形式主语，还可以代替what，who，w

14、here，whether等引导的主语从句。if（是否）不能引导主语从句。 Its very important that you (should) attend every day.你每天都要出席，这很重要。 It is uncertain whether he can come to my birthday party.他是否能参加我的生日聚会还不确定。 “It is + adj + to do sth”句型该句型可以拓展为两种形式：（1）“It is + adj +（for sb）to do sth”意为“（对某人来说）做某事是.的”，此句型中的形容词是修饰某件事而不是修饰人的，如 dif

15、ficult，easy，hard，important，necessary，possible等。 It is very important to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语很重要。It is illegal to drive a car without a license.在没有驾照的情况下开车是不合法的。（2）“It is + adj + （of sb）to do sth”意为“（某人）做某事是.的”，此句型中的形容词是修饰人而不是修饰某件事的，如kind，brave，clever，stupid，nice，good，silly，careful，naught

16、y等。It is clever of you to say so!你这样说可真聪明!It was nice of them to invite us.他们真好，邀请了我们。5. “have sth done”结构该结构中have为使役动词，意为“使，让”，该结构可表示以下两种意义：使某事被做Were having our car repaired.我们的车正在修理。 He had his hair cut yesterday.他昨天理发了。蒙受（他人所为的后果）（此事违背主语的意愿）She had all her jewellery stolen.她所有的珠宝都被偷了He had his le

17、g injured in the accident.他的腿在这场事故中受伤了。注： “have sb doing sth”意为：让某人一直做某事。强调动作一直在持续。 Im sorry to have you waiting here so long.很抱歉让你在这儿等这么久。 “have sb do sth”意为：让某人做某事。相当于let/make sb do sth或 get sb to do sthI will have him help you.我会让他帮你。6. with的复合结构 with的复合结构既可以做后置定语，也可以做状语。She said goodbye with tea

18、rs in her eyes.她含着眼泪告别。 With prices going up so fast, we cant afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起奢侈品了。 She had to walk home with her bike stolen.由于自行车被偷了，她不得不步行回家。 He stood before his teacher with his head down.他低着头站在老师面前。 With the floor wet, I had to stay outside.由于地板潮湿，我只得待在屋外。在“with +宾语+宾语补足语”这一结构中，若

19、with的宾语与构成宾补的动词为逻辑上的动宾关系，则用过去分词做宾语补足语；若with的宾语与构成宾补的动词为逻辑上的主谓关系，则用现在分词做宾语补足语；若侧重表示将来的动作，则用不定式做宾语补足语，即使with的宾语与不定式中的动词为逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式也通常用主动形式表示被动意义。7. “疑问词/whether+不定式”结构常见的疑问词：疑问代词who，what（无选择范围），which（有选择范围）等和疑问副词how，when，where等。语法功能：在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、同位语等（做主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式）。 通常用在tell，show，understand，expl

20、ain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。相当于一个名词性从句，可以用对应的从句来替换。How to improve English is often discussed among the students.这些学生们经常讨论如何提高英语水平。（做主语） They are discussing where to go for the summer holiday. They are discussing where they are going for the summer holiday.他们正在讨论去哪儿过

21、暑假。（做宾语）The problem is what to eat for dinner.问题是晚饭吃什么。（做表语）I have no idea when to tell her the bad news.我不知道什么时候告诉她这个坏消息。（做同位语） The question whether to help him troubled the girl.是否要帮助他这个问题使这位女孩很苦恼。（做同位语）四、语法精解1. what引导名词性从句what常用来引导名词性从句，即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句用陈述语序。what在名词性从句中可以充当主语、表语和宾语 Mary i

22、s no longer what she was ten years ago.玛丽已经不是十年前的她了。（what引导表语从句，并在从句中做表语）I have no idea what we should do next.我不知道下一步我们该做什么。（what引导同位语从句，并在从句中做宾语）What is worth doing is worth doing well.得做的事情就要做好它。（What引导主语从句，并在从句中做主语）Will you show me what you bought?可以把你买的东西给我看一下吗?（what引导宾语从句，并在从句中做宾语）what在名词性从句中根

23、据不同的语境有以下几种不同的含义（1）表示“的东西或事情”（what = the thing(s) that）Theyve done what they can to help her.他们已经尽力帮助了他。（2）表示“的人或的样子”（what = the person that./the appearance of）He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的那个样子了（3）表示“的数量或数目”（what = the amount that） Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我们现在的收入是10

24、年前的两倍。（4）表示“的时间”（what = the time that） After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。（5）表示“的地方”（what = the place that）This is what they call Salt Lake City.这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。2. 动词-ing形式做宾语做动词的宾语接动词-ing形式做宾语的常用动词（短语）有：avoid miss delay/put offadvise finisn practiseenjoy imag

25、ine can t help admit deny envyescape risk excuse stand keep mind避免 错过 延期建议 完成 练习喜欢 想象 禁不住承认 否定 嫉妒逃避 冒险 原谅忍受 保持 介意He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。 She cant stand being looked down upon.她忍受不了被人看不起。 Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗户吗?做介词的宾语在下面的短语中，常用动词-ing形式做介词的宾语：be

26、 good at， dream of， care about， be concerned about， be interested in， feel like， insist on， think of， aim at， set about等。I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。注：下列短语后接动词-ing形式，因为to为介词，不是不定式符号。be addicted to沉溺于；devote oneself to献身于；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；

27、pay attention to注意；be accustomed to习惯于；be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；object to反对；lead to导致。接动词ing或to do做宾语时意义差别不大的动词常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，hate，intend等。 Statistics show that prices will continue rising/to rise.数据显示，物价将持续上涨。 What do you intend doing/to do next?你下一步打算做什么?接动词-ing或to

28、do做宾语时意义差别较大的动词：remember/forget to do 记着/忘记要做.remember/forget doing 记着/忘记做过.regret to do 遗憾要做. regret doing 后悔做了try to do 努力/试图做.try doing 试着做. mean to do 打算做. mean doing 意味着做. stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing. 停止做. can t help to do 不能帮着做can t help doing 禁不住做 The light in the office is still on. She

29、 forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯仍然亮着。她忘记关灯了The light in the office is off, but she forgets turning it off.办公室的灯熄了，但她忘了自己已关了灯。They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。They stopped working and had a rest.他们停止工作，休息了一下。用it做形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词-ing形式I found it no use arguing about it.

30、我发现争论这件事没有用。Do youou consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试一次会有好处吗?介词in常可省略的几类句型（1）（2）主语 + spend time（+in）+ doing.（3）主语 + be busy（+in）+ doing The police had much difficulty in finding out the connection between the man and the case.警方颇费周折才查明这个人与该案的关联。 The specialist spent much time ( in) observing the stars.这位专家花费了很多时间观察星星。主动形式表被动意义need， require，want作“需要”讲时，接动词-ing形式做宾语，相当于不定式的被动形式。 he room needs equipping with a video camera.这个房间需要安装一台摄像机。 The sick woman re