1、高中英语词语辨析八高中英语词语辨析(八) anyway与any way这一对词的意思并不一样。anyway和anyhow同义,但前者多用于美国英语,后者多用于英国英语。anyway 在句中用作副词和连接词,义:“无论如何”、“不管怎样”,相当于 in any case和at any rate。例:Anyway,we can try不管怎样,我们可以试试看。 I will not change my mind anyway无论如何,我不愿意改变我的宗旨。“I can give you a lift if you wait”&
2、#8220;No,Ill walk Thanks,anyway”“如果你等一下,我可以驾我的车送你去。”“不用了,我步行好了。谢谢你(尽管我不坐你的车)!”。Any way的意思是“任何方法”、“任何方式”,way 是名词,any是修饰它的定语。例:If there is any way in which you can help me tide over the difficulties,let me know如果你有什么办法帮助我度过难关,请告诉我。He could not find
3、 the way to the village in any way他怎么也找不到那条通向村庄的马路。I cannot manage it any way我无法做到此事。在上面第一个例句中,any way是用作条件状语从句的主语;在第二个例句中,any way作介词 in的宾语;在第三个例句中,any way用作状语,修饰谓语动词 cannot manage。 as well as与as well 这一对短语仅差一字之微,意义相近,故很易引起混淆。作为习语用作介词时,as well as的涵义是“还有”、“不但…而且…”。
4、值得注意的是,在A as well as B的结构里,语意的重点在 A,不在 B。因此,“He can speak Spanish as well as English”的译文应该是:“他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语”,决不能译作:“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。如果这样翻译,就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同义,但前者的语意重点和后者的语意重点恰好颠倒。如果 as well as用作连词引出比较从句,其义为“和…一样好&
5、#8221;。因此,“He speaks Spanish as well as English”应译作:“他说西班牙语像说英语一样好”。语意的重点依旧在前部,不在后半部。请注意 as well as以下的用法:She called on you as well as I不但我来看你,她也拜访了你。She called on you as well as me 她不但拜访了我,也拜访了你。在下列句中,as well as表示“像…一样”的涵义:She as well as you is an English te
6、acher她像你一样也是英文教师。这里的谓语动词用is,不用are,因为句中的主语是she,不是she和you。As well是副词短语,其义为“也”,相当于too,它一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。例:He is a worker,and a poet as well他是工人,但也是诗人。China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well中国拥有大量煤炭,其他的矿藏也很丰富。MrLiu can speak English,but he can
7、 speak Cantonese as well刘先生会说英语,但他也能讲广东话。 asleep与sleeping 这两个词都表示“入睡”、“睡着”的意思,但用法各异,主要区别有以下几点:(一)asleep是表语形容词,在句中放在verb“tobe”之后;它不能放在名词之前,例如我们不可以说:Look at the asleep baby,应把asleep改为sleeping。例:She was fast asleep;I couldnt wake her up她睡得很熟,我喊不醒她。 The old man has fa
8、llen asleep那个老人睡着了。请注意,be asleep是指“睡着”的状态,如果表示“入睡”的意味,就要用fall asleep。上面两个例句反映了这个区别。(二)sleeping 是定语形容词,它放在它所修饰的名词之前,如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后(He is sleeping),sleeping不是形容词,而是动词,is sleeping 是现在进行时。例:Who is that sleeping man?那个在睡觉的人是谁?Keep an eye on the s
9、leeping baby照看好那个在睡觉的婴孩。Let sleeping dogs lie莫惹事生非。sleeping一词有构词能力,它能和另一些词构成复合名词。如:sleeping-bag(睡袋);sleepingcar(卧车);sleeping-pill(安眠药);sleepingsickness(昏睡症);sleeping-partner(不参与经营的)匿名合伙人)。Sleeping有一近义词,即sleepy。sleepy既可作表语,又可作定语。作表语时,义:“困倦”、“想睡觉”,用作定语时,义:“贪睡”、̶
10、0;寂静的”。例:The children fell sleepy;put them to bed孩子们困了,把他们放到床上睡吧。John is a sleepyhead约翰是个贪睡的人。 Here are the outskirts/suburbs of KowloonDo you like this sleepy valley?这里是九龙的郊区。你喜欢这寂静的山谷吗? at ease与with ease 这两个介词短语的词义范围和使用场合并不相同。at ease的意思是“安逸地”、“安心地”、“自在地”(f
11、eeling confident or relaxed),其反义短语为ill at ease;with ease的意思是“轻松地”、“容易地”(easily or without difficulty)。就使用场合而言,at ease即可作表语,亦可作状语;with ease 只能用作状语。例:The old couple are now quite at ease as their son is out of danger这一对老夫妻现在可安心了,因为他们的儿子已经脱离危险。With good social security,the aged
12、can live at ease有好的社会保障,老年人都过得很安逸。 Her promise of support set my mind at ease她答应支持我,就使我放心了。I dont know why he is ill at ease我不知道为什么他心神不宁。They fulfilled the task with ease他们轻松地完成了任务。Our football team gained the day with ease我们的足球队很轻松地就赢了这场球。Every day we marched twenty miles with ease每天我们毫不费力地行进二十英里。注
13、:stand at ease是军事术语,义“稍息”;take ones ease是“休息”或“无拘无束”。例:The soldiers are standing at ease now士兵们现在在立正稍息。We are now taking our ease我们现在是优哉游哉。Please sit and take your ease while enjoying a cup of coffee请坐下来舒舒服服地喝杯咖啡。 at heart与by heart 这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。At heart 的意思是̶
14、0;在心里”、“心底里”或“本质上”(from the heart,from the bottom of ones heart or essentially)。by heart 的意思是“背诵”、“熟记”(by rote;to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly)。请看下面例句:That socialite is a rascal at heart那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。A councillor should have t
15、he collective interest of society at heart议员应当关心大众的利益。At heart,MrLin does not approve your proposal林先生的心里并不赞同你的建议。MrWang looks stem,but he is kind at heart王先生看来严肃,但买质上他很仁慈。I know this poem by heart我熟读我能背诵这首诗。 I dont see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book!我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所
16、有的日期都要记下来!请注意下列短语的意思:(跟前例 have something at heart相近)in ones heart of hearts 在内心深处take something to heart 认真考虑关注某事set ones heart on something 决心做得到某事物cut(or touch)sb to the heart 触及某人痛处ones heart is in something 把整个心放在某事上与此类似区别的词语有:in demand 非常需要的,受欢迎的on demand 一经要求at fault 有过失的;有错to a fault 过份地at ha
17、nd to hand in hand on hand at last与at length 这一对短语都有“终于”、“最后”的意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。At length 这个词组共有三个意义: (1)长时间地。例如:He spoke at(great)length(2)详细地。例如:They treated the subject at length(3)终于;最后。例:After flying for ten hours,they got to San Francisco at length作第三种意义使用时,at length与at l
18、ast同义,但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做某事时,遇到了困难,经过奋斗,最后得以完成,在这种场合,我们用at last。如果在做的过程中,经历了很长的时间才得以完成,这时候,不论困难大小,都可用at length表示。为此,我们说,at last强调的是“经过努力奋斗”;at length 强调的是“经历很长的时间”。通过下列例句的对比,不难看出它们之间的区别:Before they climbed down the side of the cliff,they met with many obstacles,but they surmount
19、ed them at last从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前,他们遇到了许多障碍,但终于把它们克服了。In spite of every obstacle,they have at last arrived at the destination尽管障碍很多,他们终于到达了目的地。After a voyage of five months,they at length arrived safe and sound经过五个月的航行,他们终于安全抵达。请注意,用length构成的介词短语很多,常见的有:Hong Kong Exhibition Centre measures 200 metres in le
20、ngth香港展览中心长达二百公尺。 They discussed this problem at great length他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。Yesterday I had my picture taken at the studio at full length昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。They travelled through the length and breadth of the country他们走遍全国。 at(the)least与not(in)the least 这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。At least的意思是“至少”(指数量或程度
21、上)也可解作“反正就是…”。它与 at the least,at the very least同义,可互换使用,但后两者有强调意味,远不及前者用得普遍。下面请看例句: The total enrolment of the university in the academic year 1991-1992 was at least 10,000,including undergraduate and postgraduate students在19911992学年期间,该大学至少有一万名大学生,包括本科大学生和研究主。Even if you cannot he
22、lp him,you can give him encouragement at least就算你未能帮助他,至少你可以鼓励他。Whether you like it or not,at the very least,this is reality不管你是否喜欢,反正这是个现实。Not the least 的意思是“毫不”、“一点也不”(by no means),也可写作 not in the least。但后者一般不用作定语。现今,后者更常见。Are you cold?Not(in)the least你冷吗?一点也不冷。Spanish has
23、not the least interest for them(作定语,没有in)他们刘西班牙语毫不感兴趣。(此句亦可改写为:They do not take the least interest in Spanish)You shouldnt relax your vigilance(in)the least你们不能丝毫放松警惕。另一方面,not least义为“尤其是,特别是”:That film caused public revulsion,not least among the education circles该电影引起公愤,特别是教育界的深恶。短语 lea
24、st of all的涵义是“最不”。例:Thats the thing I like least of all(这是我最不喜欢的东西)。 at the end of与by the end of 这一对短语的意思都是“在…的末了”、“在…的一端”,意义上相似,但使用场合有所不同。一般说来,at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合,它也可以用来表示比喻意。例:The school is situated at the end of the street该校位于这条街的尽头。Well hav
25、e an exam in English at the end of January一月底我们要参加英语考试。They were at the end of their patience他们忍无可忍。He is at the end of his wits他智穷才尽,束手无策。By the end of用于表示时间的场合,往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是,at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合(见上面第二个例句),但其义和by the end of有所不同。试对比下面两例:at the end of January一月底(指一月份的最后一天)by the
26、 end of January一月底之前(指一月份结束前的几天)We are to complete the task by the end of the year年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。Their communication is at an end他们的交往到此为止。短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”,其义相当于 at last。例:Im sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end我确信,最后一切都会令人满意的。In the end things will
27、 mend船到桥头自会直。 await与wait 这两个词都是动词,又都有“期待”、“等候”之意,但用法有所不同,它们的区别如下:(一)await是及物动词,后面直接接宾语;wait虽然也可用作及物动词,但在现代英语中,一般作不及物动词用,与for,to,till,until等词连用。(二)await的宾语大都是抽象名词,如:decision,reply,arrival,announcement,return等;wait for的宾语一般是人或事物。The judge awaits the coroners inquest before givi
28、ng a verdict法官在作裁决前等待验尸官的调查。I have been waiting for her for an hour at the bus stop我在公共车站等候她已一小时了。(三)await之后接动名词;wait之后接动词不定式。例如:We shall await hearing further from themWe shall wait to hear further from them我们在静候他们进一步的消息。(四)await多用于书面语;wait 多用于口语。如:This plan awaits the approval of the board of dire
29、ctors这项计划有待董事局批准。I have been waiting here for a long time我已在这里等了好久了。(五)wait 除作动词外,还可用作名词。例:I had a long wait for the train我等火车等了好久。 They pursue a policy of wait and see他们采取等待和观望的政策。如上所述,wait在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词,例如:to wait your turn;to wait ones opportunity。请注意下列句子中await和wait的使用场合:We await (or wait for)yo
30、ur replyWe wait for(不能用await)you to replyI shall wait to bring her home(不能用await)I await (or wait for)your ruling on the matter with some impatience当await的主语是没有生命的事物而宾语是人时,await表示 be in store或lie in wait for之意。如:On arriving at the guest house,he found a telegram awaiting himLittle did he realize wha
31、t a surprise awaited him at homeA hearty welcome will await you请注意,Time and tide wait(s)for no man(岁月不待人)的wait既可以加s,亦可不加s。 award与reward 这两个词都可以用作名词和动词,作名词时,意义相近,但不是同义词。作名词时,award的意思是“奖品”、“奖金”,其义与prize近似,两者都指因为作出杰出成就而受奖。例:The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an awardHe won the second award of $ 2,000 而reward作名词时,其意为“赏金”、“酬金”或一些非金钱的报酬。例:We will offer a reward of
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