1、英语写作精讲复习III.文章写作Composition (60 points)从考察的内容看,考察的核心是英语的篇章结构,无论是补齐段落还是撰写大纲都不是孤立进行的,补齐的段落要和整篇文章衔接,做到整体如一;撰写的大纲是对篇章结构的直接考察,即考察考生从文章中抽象出结构的能力;文章写作考察整篇文章写作的综合能力。从考试形式上看,既考察学生句子,段落写作能力,也考察篇章写作能力。补齐对话考察段落写作,撰写提纲考察句子写作,文章写作考察篇章写作能力。因此,对英语写作的学习要牢牢把握一条红线,那就是要熟悉英语文章的篇章结构。具体的解题技巧我们将在课程讲解后给大家做详细的指导。三、英语写作课程讲解(一
2、)写作格式要求 (Format)有一句话,大家可能都知道,叫“文如其人”,英文是“The style is the man himself”。从一个人的行文就能看出他的品德,品性。整洁的文风不仅是对读者的尊重,更是对自己的尊重。这从一个侧面说明了写作格式的重要性,它是写作的“面子”,马虎不的。一些考生认为,作文注重内容,不注重形式。这是一种误解,干净整洁的文章使人耳目一新,急于阅读,使人对作者产生一种办事认真,思路清晰的第一印象。相反,杂乱无章,急就章式的文字使人觉得作者思维混乱,不知所云。设想一下在阅卷时间紧迫,任务繁重的情况下,给阅卷人留下良好的第一印象是多么的重要啊! 另外,严格的写作格
3、式要求是英语写作不可分割的一部分,学习英语写作就必须遵守英语写作的规范,否则就不成其为英语写作。总体上讲,英语写作格式要给人留下整洁,清晰的印象。具体写作时,要注意以下几点:1. 页边距(The margins)2. 题目位置:第一行居中。3. 题目中单词的大小写 (Capitalization in titles)每个单词的第一个字母要大写,但是下列除外: 冠词,少于四个字母的介词,并列连词如and, or, but, nor, for, to 等。 题目的第一个单词必须大写。4. 题目中的标点(Punctuation in titles)题目可以是问句;论文题目,直接引要加引号;书名要用斜
4、体。5. 段落缩进(The indention of each paragraph)每段第一行要缩进4-5个字母;练习时,隔行写便于教师批阅。考试时,不必要。标点符号后要空格。写作格式要求主要是一个习惯养成问题,考生在写作时要多加注意,养成习惯。(二)撰写大纲的基本要求撰写大纲是英语写作的重要一步,也是英语写作考试重点考察的内容之一。因此,考生应该给以足够的重视。大纲指的是一篇文章的总体结构。撰写大纲能力的高低反应考生总体把握英语篇章能力的强弱。在英语写作考试中,它有两种表现形式:一是根据文章写出其大纲;一是根据题目编写大纲,构思文章。前者是考试直接考察的,既考察大纲的形式也考察其内容。后者是
5、间接考察的,即在文章写作一题中,考生在构思时所用的大纲。它是写好一篇文章的前提和基础。这里我们着重讲解撰写大纲的形式要求,而对如何针对文章撰写大纲的考试技巧和写作过程中的大纲撰写将在后面的章节中加以详细论述。撰写英语大纲要遵循以下基本原则1. 部分若含有分项(sub points),则分项不能少于两个。即有“1”必有“2”,有“A”必有“B”,依次类推。处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性,安排要合乎逻辑。分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。2. 不要将话题大纲(a topic outline)和句子大纲(a sentence outline)相混淆。英语大纲有两种形式:话题大纲和句子大纲。顾名思义
6、,话题大纲由名词短语,动名词短语,不定式短语等构成。句子大纲由完整的句子构成。两者泾渭分明,不得混用。3. 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写,短语后不必点句号;句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母,大写字母,阿拉伯数字或是小写字母后要加句号,加了括号后不再加句号。4. 大纲序列号如下:I. 罗马字母A. 大写字母1. 阿拉伯数字a. 小写字母1) 带括号的阿拉伯数字a) 带括号的小写字母5.大纲实例话题大纲:(教材P17)I.Kindness to MumA.Warm languageB.Help with houseworkII.Kindness to childrenA
7、.My own experienceB.His talk to my classmateIII.Kindness to our neighboursA. His help of the Wangs1. Quilts2. Dinner3. ConsolidationB. His help of the Changs1. Renting a car for the troubled2. Borrowing money for them句子大纲(教材P15)I.Father loves mother most kindly.A.He never hurts Mom with harsh wordsB
8、.He tries his best to help Mom with the homework.II.Father reasons with us children when we do things wrong.A.He reasoned with me when I took his favorite record of music out to show off and damaged itB.He reasoned with my classmate Hong when we quarreled.III.Father kept helping our neighbors out of
9、 trouble.A.He helped the Wangs when their house caught fire.1.He gave them our new quilts.2.He invited them to eat in our home.3.He comforted them.B.He helped the Changs when their baby was terribly ill.1.He stopped a car and went to the hospital with the baby and mother.2.He borrowed money from fri
10、ends to cover the hospital expenses.(三)写作类型记叙文,描写文英语写作类型(Types of Writing)主要有四种:记叙文(Narration),描写文(Description),说明文(Exposition)和议论文(Argumentation)。记叙文和描写文在考试中出现的频率很低,几乎不作直接考察,我们只是简单一带而过。记叙文就是讲故事,而且往往是让人在听完或读完故事后有所思考,这就是记叙文的写作目的(可能是隐含的也可能是外显的)。讲故事要先交待清楚故事的语境即时间,地点和人物,然后依据时间顺序展开情节(这里说得是最常见的顺叙,当然还有倒叙,插
11、叙等),讲故事时要注意叙事的角度(第一人称还是第三人称),故事的跌宕起伏(起端,发展,高潮和结局)。描写文,简单的说就是用语言文字的笔来绘画,画一副人物肖像,画一副地点画,画一副静物画,画一副场景画等。用画笔作画,最重要的是颜色的淡妆浓抹,描写靠的是文字的力量,例如形容词,副词的使用等。但是无论如何画,都要给人留下一个深刻的印象,这一印象就是描写文的写作目的。因此,同学们在写描写文时要围绕着这一印象(中心)来组织写作。虽然说记叙文和说明文两种文体在英语写作考试中不直接考察,但是它们的作用不容忽视,它们可以被广泛地应用在说明文、议论文的引言段和举例中,能增加说明文和议论文的可读性,趣味性。(四)
12、写作类型说明文说明文(Exposition)是为了解释或阐述某一问题,某一过程或是关系的写作类型。其目的是通过解释,使人明白某件事情,明白如何去做一件事情,或是明白一件事情的原因,及其引发的后果等。1.总体结构说明文有比较明确的行文模式,初学者应该对此加以熟悉,才能写好说明文。大致来讲,说明文分为三个部分,五个段落(可适当增加一两个段落)。一个引言段,三个主体段,一个结论段。可参见下图:2. 引言段 (Introduction)这一段落的主要目的有两个:引入讨论的话题(topic),并缩小讨论范围,提出论点。因此这一段落最为常见的发展模式就是从一般到具体,从宽泛到合适。通常来讲,我们不直接将观
13、点(thesis)摆出来,而是应该有一些过渡,逐渐的从宽到窄,在引言段的最后提出观点。a.引入话题引入话题的方法和手段很多,例如提供相关背景知识,引用名人名言,名人轶事,善用描写,记叙等手段对某一现象加以描述等。总而言之,引言要简练,自然流畅,能抓住读者的兴趣。大家在阅读范文时要有意识地分析文章的引言段,看作者是如何引入话题的,自己可以仿写。这对写作能力的提高帮助很大。例如下面几个例子。The other day, I announced that I would go abroad for further studies right after my college education. M
14、y decision evoked the immediate objection of my family: Why? Why should I borrow a huge sum of money for overseas studies while I might receive the same education at home at relatively low cost? My answer is: in addition to knowledge, I can gain experiences that those who stay at home will never hav
15、e.在这一段落中,作者用个人经历引出主题:海外留学,接着描写家人的反对,和反对的理由。作者使用疑问句,表达了家人的疑问,又为后面作者提出论点做了准备。衔接流畅,一气呵成。Telecommuting refers to office workers spending much of their time working at home and communicating with their companies through their computers. With the development of computer technologies, it is growing fast an
16、d expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. The use of telecommuting, however, may trigger major changes to corporate structure, workers lifestyles and even urban planning.这一段落中,首先对大家比较陌生的术语telecommuting做了解释,引出远程办公这一主题,然后描写这种办公形式的发展趋势,作者利用however一转,提出自己的观点。About one of man
17、s frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.” This observation is related to a principle by which I try (without always succeeding) to live. I believe living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anyth
18、ing in the only reality I know.这一段落中,作者引用Wolfe的名言来引入话题,然后点出自己的论点。2. 观点/中心思想(Thesis)观点是说明文的核心,题眼或是灵魂。一篇好的说明文一定要观点明确,简洁明了,具有震撼力。它是一篇文章的总结,它类似于初级写作中段落的主题句,但是它是涵盖全篇的,可能会包含几个主题句。说明文的观点可以直接地表述出来,也可以隐含的表述。但就英语写作学习者来讲,我们提倡明示的观点,而且要对观点进行认真的思考,提炼,要下足功夫。简单来讲,观点就是作者对某件事情,某种现象的看法,或是对事物要说明的角度等。语法上来讲,一般情况下它是一个陈述句,
19、即 Thesis = Topic + aspects/Opinion.主语往往是主题(Topic),谓语,宾语,状语或是定语往往是作者的观点和说明角度。例如:主语 - 话题Topic 谓语,宾语 - 观点OpinionThe use of telecommuting, however, may trigger major changesPrice promotions will do damage to a good brand.Studying overseas had both advantages and disadvantages.这里说的只是一般形式,在现实中我们还会把我们的观点用各
20、种语言句式表达出来,甚至会很复杂,大大超过了简单的Topic + Opinion形式。例如:These skiers, I discovered, could be divided into distinct categories - for my own entertainment and for the purpose of findings appropriate skiing partners.好的论点要暗含文章的总体结构。例如In choosing a major, a student has to consider various factors, such as personal
21、 interest, job opportunities and the availability of training. 但是万变不离其宗,观点总是中心,而语言表现形式只是外在。因此,在考试解答大纲撰写题,和补齐段落题的阅读阶段,就应该透过复杂的表现形式把握观点的主旨;短文写作时要先确定观点,再推敲确定语言表达形式。c. 正文部分说明文正文部分我们一般写三个段落。也就是对观点展开论述。这里涉及到的是段落写作。相信大家在初级写作阶段,已经掌握了段落写作的要领。这里一带而过,段落写作要注意段落的一致性(unity), 发展性(Development)和连贯性(Coherence)。1) 一致性
22、(unity)即文章中所有内容都要围绕这文章的中心思想。我们可以具体从两个方面来加以保证。一是,三个段落的内容通过主题句(Topic Sentences)紧扣引言部分的中心思想。如下图:例如一篇文章主题是Turning Failure into Success,中心思想是“Too much emphasis on success is not a good thing.”主题句1 Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive.主题句2. Success that comes too early is also damaging.主题句3.
23、 Success is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the quality of an experience.第二,就是每一个段落内容都要围绕自己的主题句思想展开。要做到这一点,作为段落灵魂的主题句(Topic Sentence)一般放在段落的开始较好,后面是若干支持句。例如:主题句:These days lifestyles seem to change fast.支持句1. It is more than just clothing and hairstyle that are in style one year and out or
24、 date the next; its a whole way of living.支持句2. One year people wear sunglasses on top of their heads and wear jeans and boots; they drink white wine and eat sushi at Japanese restaurants; for exercise they jog several miles a day.支持句3. However, the next year they notice that everything has changed.
25、支持句4. Women wear long skirts; people drink expensive water from France and eat pasta at Italian restaurants; everyone seems to be exercising at health clubs.2) 发展性(Development)就是要充分发展段落主题思想。通过不同的角度,用想尽的事实例证来说明。有了主题句,要把一个段落写好,称为well-developed paragraph, 需要了解一些常用的段落发展技巧办法。举例法(Exemplification)Americans
26、 generally like a lot of physical space in their organizational lives. Many American clichs point to this: “Give me some space,” “Get out of my face,” “Back off.” Hand shakes last only a second or so. If two passengers remain after a crowded elevator has emptied, they immediately take chance like st
27、eps to their respective corners.数据法(Statistics)English becomes the most taught language in the world. Two hundred and fifty million Chinese- more than the entire population of the United States- study English in eighty-nine countries, English is either a common second language or widely studied. In
28、France, state-run secondary schools require students to study four years of English or German, most- at least 85 percent- choose English. In Japan, secondary students are required to take six years of English before graduation.对比分析(Contrast)Unfortunately, doing things badly has gone out of style. It
29、 used to be a mark of class if a lady or a gentleman sang a little, painted a little, played the violin a little. You didnt have to be good at it; the point was to be fortunate enough to have the leisure time for such pursuits. But in todays competitive world we have to be “experts” even in our hobb
30、ies.类比法(Analogy)A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I dont expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something - a reason for agreeing, an
31、other example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I dont expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to me.权威法(Authoritative statements)Timing is another factor. “If you took George Washington and put him in 20th century he would go nowhere as a politician
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1