土木工程专业英语课后习题翻译培训资料.docx

1、土木工程专业英语课后习题翻译培训资料土木工程专业英语课后习题翻译LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure结构稳定（5）The expansion joint 伸缩缝 （6）Moisture content 含水量（7）Cement paste 水泥浆 （8）The coefficient of ther

2、mal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water,

3、 variation in temperature, and applied loads.混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收缩越小。(4)Therefore, cracks

4、 may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.一般来说，在硬化过程中初期率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformat

5、ion continues to develop over a period that may last for years.持续负荷下，塑性变形继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土，并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加(8)Creep is re

6、duced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小. (10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝

7、土养护将减少蠕变量.5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1）如果通过蒸发失去水分，混凝土就会收缩，但在水中硬化则会膨胀。If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands.（2）影响混凝土收缩的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as ce

8、ment and water content、 gradation(等级) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收缩量则越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是热的良导体，而钢筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.（5）在荷载作用期间，大约

9、80%的徐变产生在前4个月内，大约2年后完成90%的徐变。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months;90%occurs after about 2 years.LESSON 52、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）building code 建筑规范 （6）随机变量 random variation（2）stochastic analyse 随机分析 （7）半经

10、验公式 semiempirical equation（3）multistory building 多层建筑 （8）风洞荷载 wind tunnel testing （4）code-prescribed data 规范规定的数值 （9）持续活荷载 sustained live load（5）transient live load 瞬时活荷载 （10）名义值 nominal value3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as

11、nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).该建筑代码加载历来给出标准值，根据材料的性质（如，恒载）或负载调查（如，活荷载和雪荷载）的基础上确定。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, s

12、trictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依赖).由于载荷的随机变化是时间的函数以及一系列其他因素，造型数量，严格来说，应考虑到利用随机分析，以反映时间和空间互相依赖。(3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canad

13、ian criteria use a 30-year interval例如，美国活载标准是根据50年的基准期，而加拿大的标准使用30年的间隔。(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半经验公式). 建筑规范视这些影响为静态现象，并通过半经验方程与实际情况相联系。(5)The response of a building, however, will be different

14、for different materials, depending on the type of load. 但是，建筑物的反应，将针对不同的材料不同，这取决于负载类型。(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般说明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.有许多类型的负载，可能对建筑物结构法

15、在同一时间或其他，本节提供了一种通用的描述的最重要的特点。(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on. 静载重不仅包括自身的结构重量，而且还有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊顶材料，机械和其他设备的重量，等等(8)Live lo

16、ad, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久设施)活载，更准确的重力活荷载，即通常是结构上的负荷，不属于永久性设施的一部分荷载的使用名称。(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-

17、time live load.在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任一点时活荷载。(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意时刻结构上的活荷载一般是低于规范值的，（根据）最高寿命（50年）（确定的）活荷载可能有一定数量的扩大。5、Translate the following sentence into Engl

18、ish.(1) 对某些荷载来说，结构的地理位置起重要作用。The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads.(2) 风荷载既不是静荷载也不是均匀变化的荷载，并且除了受周围结构和地形影响外还受结构几何形状的严重影响。At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structu

19、re as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景观).(3) 风荷载和雪荷载可根据模型试验来确定。Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests.(4)特殊荷载及荷载效应包括温度变化、结构地基沉降、冲击和爆炸的影响。Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(温度变化), structural foundation set

20、tlements, impact(撞击), and blast(爆炸).(5)至少在理论上，结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.LESSON82、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）chemical composition 化学成分 （6）应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve（2）cold working 冷加工 （7）拉伸断裂 tensil

21、e fracture（3）normal distribution curve 正态分布曲线 （8）热处理 heat treatment （4）local damage 局部破坏 （9）反复荷载 repeated loads（5）brittle fracture 脆性破坏 （10）变幅应力循环 variable amplitude stress cycle3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.（1）The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under sta

22、tic load are indicated in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1.在静态荷载下的大部分结构钢的重要力学性能是用图8.1的理想的拉伸应力-应变曲线表示 。(2)The values of E vary in the range 200000-210000Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed. E的值在200000-210000Mpa之间波动，一般假定逼近值为200000Mpa。(3)Beyond this

23、limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strain-hardening strain st is reached.超过这个极限，刚的塑性流变不增加任何应力,直到达到应变硬化的st值。(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress F

24、y.应变速率会影响屈服应力，高的应变速率会增加高的屈服应力或产生第一个屈服应力值，同样可以增大低的屈服应力Fy。(5)For design purposes, a “minimum yield stress is identified for each different steel classification.从设计角度看，对于不同的钢材类别可以由相应的最小屈服应力值来识别。(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield

25、 stress.因此，独立的测试结果很可能显著地高于引用的屈服应力。(7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.或许大多数普遍接受的在双轴应力下的二维屈服理论是最大的变形能量理论。（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce a

26、s smooth a stress flow through the joint as is practicable.节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小，以使通过节点的应力流尽可能平滑。(9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress.脆性破坏的产生是由于在局部应力高度集中的区域存在或形成小裂缝。(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so str

27、ess concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous.高度局部应力促使裂缝的产生，因此由于差的几何形状和荷载布置(包括冲击载荷)而产生的应力集中是危险的。5、Translate the following sentence into English.(1)通常认为单向拉伸确定的屈服应力Fy单向压缩也正确。The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accep

28、ted as being valid for uniaxial compression.（2）显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数、荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations.（3）疲劳设计出考虑容许应力外

29、还应考虑节点的位置。Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.（4）结构钢不总是表现出延性特性，在有些情况下，即使名义拉应力很低，突然的、灾难性的断裂也会发生。Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, ev

30、en though the nominal tensile stresses are low.（5）结构刚的延性取决于钢材的组成、热处理方法和钢材的厚度，并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.LESSON141 2 Althoughmostoftheseearlierdesignswerebasedonsoundprincip

31、lesandassumptions,thegirderstiffenedbyinclinedcablessufferedvariousmisfortunesthatregrettablyresultedinabandonmentofthesystem尽管这些大多数的早期设计基于正确的原理和假设，用斜缆去增强主梁遇到了各种厄运，遗憾地导致这种体系被抛弃。3 Ontheonehand,theequilibriumofthesehighlyindeterminatesystemshadnotbeenclearlyappreciatedandcontrolled,andontheother,thete

32、nsionmembersweremadeoftimber,roundbarsorchains一方面，这些高次超静定体系的平衡还没有清楚地理解和控制，另一方面，承受拉力的构件是由木材、圆形钢筋或索链构成的。4Theimportantcharacteristicsofsuchathree-dimensionalstructurearethefullparticipationofthetransverseconstructionintheworkofthemainlongitudinalstructure.这种三维结构的重要特点是横向建筑深入参与了纵向主结构的工作5Theimportanceofcable-stayedb