1A9B知识要点综合整理.docx

1、1A9B知识要点综合整理牛津英语1A至6B 知识点整理时态语法：一、一般现在时1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作。Tom often goes to school at nine.2 、表示现在的特征或状态。 He is seven.3 、普遍真理。 The sun is round. 与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。二、一般过去时 1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性的动作或状态） 2 、谈到过去的情况时3 、谈到已死人的情况时与这个时态连用的时间状语常有： yest

2、erday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间。 三、现在进行时 1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。2 、代替一般现在时，表示经常性动作或状态， 3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时。 与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。 4过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。 与这个时

3、态连用的时间状语常用： at nine oclock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。5一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况 与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。 一般将来时态 ：主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况。 1、be going to 结构 ：表（主观上）打算或准备做某事时。 表有发生某事的预兆时。 2、Will 结构 词法一、名词变复数规则与不规

4、则变化1、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读s，结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。 例：friend friends 2、凡是以s、z、x、 c h、 s h、结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-e s构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读 I z。 例：bus buses三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为I ，再加-e s。 读音变化：加读z。 例：candy candies3、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加 e s ，否则加-s构成复数。 （有生命的加e s，无生命的加s） 读音变化：加读z。 tomato tomatoes4、以-f或- f e

5、结尾的名词，多为将-f或-f e改变为-v e s，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音f改读v z。 例：knife knives直接加s：roof-roofs, belief beliefs , gulf（海湾）-gulfs, 这几个可变可不变： scarf s c a r f s，handkerchief- handkerchiefs 部分单词的复数形式不变Fish fish; sheep sheep; cattle cattle; deer deer;下列名词则以复数词出现的机会较多 通常还是以词组的形式出现例： clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; sp

6、ectacles眼镜; trousers长裤; wages工资 名词复数的不规则变化1) c h I l d -children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。2)单复同形如：deer, sheep fish, Chinese, Japanese 3)集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数4)以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：A math s , politics, physic

7、s等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。B news 是不可数名词。动词变单三动词单三形式的构成规则：一般动词在词尾加-s以字母s ,x ,c h ,s h结尾的动词加- e s以o结尾的动词一般加-e s以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为I ，再加-e s动词变单三的常见不规则变化Do -does have-has can-can may-may must-must need-need will-will shall-shall dare-dare ought-oughtG o- goes 动词的过去式规则变化1. 直接在词尾加- e d。如: wantwanted, workworked, 2

8、. 以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。如：likeliked, livelived3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加- e d 。如：stopstopped, 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成I ，再加-e d。如：studystudied, carrycarried, 动词变现在分词的变化 现在分词变化规则1在一般情况下，动词可直接加- ing ，如：do doing。2以重读闭音节结尾的动词，一般要双写尾字母加- ing ，规则是：在重读闭音节里，末尾只有一个辅音字母，辅音字母前只有一个元音字母时，要双写这个辅音字母如：sit sit

9、ting。Swim- swimming , put- putting ,get- getting, begin-beginning ,run-running ,stop-stopping,travel-travelling，let-letting, get-getting, cut-cutting ,hit-hitting, plan- planning3去掉词尾的哑e再加- ing，如：taketaking,love-loving ,make-making like-liking live-living,use-using,move-moving,。 句 法祈使句，陈述句，（肯定句，否定句）

10、一般疑问句，特殊疑问句 的构成祈使句：祈使句时表示命令，请求的句子一. 行为动词形式的祈使句1.肯定式，例如：Open the door ,please.请开门。Come to the blackboard , please.请到黑板这来。2.否定式，在肯定祈使句句首加Dont。例如：Dont open the door , please.请不要开门。Dont come to the blackboard , please.请不要到黑板这来。二.以Be 开头的祈使句1.肯定式，例如：Be quiet , please.请安静。Be late tomorrow.明天晚点来。2.否定式，在肯定祈使

11、句句首加Dont。例如：Dont be quiet , please.请不要那么静。Dont be late tomorrow.明天别迟到。三.以Let 开头的祈使句1.肯定式，例如：Lets go to school together.咱们一起上学吧。Let him finish the job.让他完成那项工作吧。2.否定式，在Let sb.后加not。例如：Lets not go to school together.咱们别一起上学了。Let him not finish the job.让他别完成那项工作了。二. 陈述句构成肯定句：基本结构为主+谓 例如：It is cold in w

12、inter.否定句： 1、全否定：用not, no, never, neither, none, nothing等否定。表示“完全不是，完全不”的意思。 例如：He is not a worker. Nothing is wrong with me. 2、半否定句：在句子里用否定词hardly, scarcely, little, few, seldom, rarely等。 例如：I hardly see anything in the room. =I can see little in the room. 一般疑问句的构成能用yes / no(或相当于yes / no)回答的问句叫一般疑问

13、句。当陈述句中有am /is / are时，可直接将它们提至主语前，但如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称。如：Im in Class 2, Grade 1. Are you in Class 2, Grade 1? 你是在一年级二班吗？.含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成一般疑问句面前人人平等：情态动词与am / is / are一样，也可直接将它们提至主语前，所以问题迎刃而解了。如：I can spell it. Can you spell it? 你会拼写它吗？含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究，要在句首加do；如逢主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为一般现在时单数

14、第三人称形式v-(e)s时，奉does为座上宾并要变回原形(如has have，likes like等)；有时陈述句中的some还要变作any等。如：She lives in Beijing. Does she live in Beijing? 她住在北京吗？I like English. Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？There are some books on my desk . Are there any books on your desk?特殊疑问句特殊的疑问词。 特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头，询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。我们学过的疑问词

15、有what（询问事物）, how much（询问价格）, what time （询问时间，尤其是点钟）, what kind of（询问种类）, why（询问原因），who（询问人）, where（询问地点） 等等特殊的语序。 特殊疑问句由疑问词开头，其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如： What time is it？ 现在几点钟？ 特殊的答语。 特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答，而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答。如： What time is it, please? 请问几点了？ Its 7:30. 七点半了。 牛津英语7A到9B知识点整理 语 法 总 结 英语16大时态表时态名

16、称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般现在时1 由be的is am are表示，之后接名词，形容词或介词。every,sometimes,always,never,often, usually等。一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态陈述句：I am an office worker.He is so lazy.They are at home now.否定句： I am not Tim.She is not very beauiful.They are not in the office.一般疑问句：Are you an office assistant

17、? Is she beautiful?2 由实意动词V构成，引导疑问句和否定句，用do或dont。第三人称时用does或doesnt,有does出现动词用原形；第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.陈述句：I work in Shanghai.He works at home.Davy never watches TV at home.否定句: I dont like the food in KFC.Davy doesnt like the food in KFC either.一般疑问句:Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subw

18、ay station?一般过去时。1由 be的过去式是 was或 were表示。Is am-was;are-were.yesterday,last week,an hour ago，the day before yesterday,in 1997。在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。陈述句：I was a big boss.He was beautiful.We were in Beijing last year.否定句: I was not at home at that moment.We were not at work yesterday.一般疑问句: Were you a teac

19、her?Was she in the office last week?2由V的过去式构成陈述句，疑问句和否定句用借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。陈述句：I worked in Sunmoon.We studied English there. He lived in HongKong.否定句: I didnt work here.They didnt see me. She liked English a lot.一般疑问句: Did you go to America?Did he work in Sunmoon?时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般将来时1 任何人称+will+动

20、词原形.tomorrow,next year,the month after next,in two hours.即将发生动作或状态。陈述句：I will fly to KongKong tomorrow.He will go with us.We will arrive in Shanghai next week.否定句:I will never believe you again.He will not come tonight.We will not buy a car next year.一般疑问句:Will you go there by train?Will he come tom

21、orrow?Will they live a five-star hotel?2 is/am/are+going to+V原形，表示计划打算做什么事情。陈述句：Im going to go to Kongkong by air.否定句:We are not going to buy a house here.一般疑问句:Are they going to change their jobs?特殊疑问句:How are you going to tell him?过去将来时was/were going to +V原形在过去将会发生的动作。陈述句：I was going to buy a comp

22、uter.They told me that they were not going to go abroad.否定句:I was not going to buy a computer.任何人称+would +V原形He said he would come in in Shanghai.I said I would buy you a car one day.时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句现在进行时is/am/are+Vingnow,at the（this）momentLook!(放在句首)Listen! (放在句首)表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。陈述句：Im wait

23、ing for my boy friend.He is doing the housework at home now.We are enjoying ourselves.否定句:He is not playing toys.一般疑问句:Are you having dinner at home?Is Tim cooking in the kitchen?特殊疑问句:What are you doing now?Where are they having a meal?过去进行时was/were+Vingat that timeat 10 oclock last nightat that mo

24、ment等过去具体的时间过去一段时间正在发生的动作。陈述句：I was doing my homework at that time.We were having a party while he was sleeping.否定句:He was not sleeping at 11 oclock last night.一般疑问句: Were you watching TV at that time?特殊疑问句: What were you doing at that moment?时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句现在完成时have/has +done（过去分词）already；just(no

25、t just now)yet；ever；never；for two weeks；for a year；for several days；since 2004since last week用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单的说，就是动作已经发生对现在造成明显的影响。陈述句：I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter.He has lived here for nearly 10 years.否定句:I havent finishe

26、d my homework.Tim hasnt come yet.We havent heard any news about him一般疑问句: Has he worked here since he came here?特殊疑问句: How long have you worked in this company?特别注意：1. have/has always been+名词/形容词/介词：总是或一直是什么样子。He has always been a good father. I have always been busy.They have always been in America

27、.2. have/has gone to:去了。He has gone to Beijing.They have gone to the cinema.3. have/has been to:表示去过或到过。I have been to Canada. Have you been to Hongkong?Where have you been? I have never been here.过去完成时had + done（过去分词）by the end of last yearby last year动作发生在过去的过去。陈述句：He said he had told Davy.They to

28、ld us they had finished the work.He left the office after he had called Davy.否定句:She hadnt had dinner before she went out.一般疑问句:Had she learnt English before she moved here?特殊疑问句:how many English words had he learnt by the end of last year?一、 熟练掌握各种时态的句型，及相关连之间时态的区别二、加强对初中英语词组的记忆和熟练使用三、重要两个从句的初步认识和使

29、用能够对简单的定语从句和虚拟语所做简单的练习。定语从句概念一般的时候我们用一个形容词来形容一个词或者短语，我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词，这种句子叫做形容词性从句，它起修饰名词的作用，又被叫做定语从句(The attributive clause)。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词： that， which， who， whom， whose 和关系副词 when， where， why， how。不论关系代词还是关系副词，都应放于先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用，充当一个成份。that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine

30、 that can fly 这里先行词是 machine 而 that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。which 关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 这里 shop 是先行词， which 在从句中作主语。who， whom， whose who 在定语从句中作主语， whom 是 who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词，在从句中作定语，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。 Who 在定语从句中作主语。when， where， why， 其中 when用来指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 词 法一， 形容词变副词及变比较级和最高级1形容词变副词 形容词变副词的规则： .一般情况下直接加“ly”，如quick-quickly 2.以“y”结