关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文.docx

1、关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文Cold War(US) 2 Yuki 1 Sunny 2 Apple 7 Charlene 4 HaileyContents1. The causes of the Cold War 12. The process of the Cold War 22.1 The establishment of containment strategy (1947-1953) 22.2 The globalized Cold War and the national strategy of Cold War (1953-1962) 22.3 American acti

2、on in response to out-of-balance. (1962-1969) 22.4 The Transformation of the Cold War and the Overall Adjustment of American Strategy (1970-1973) 33. The end of the Cold War 33.1. Economic reasons33.2. Political reasons43.3. Military reasons44. The effects of the Cold war 54.1.Technological legacies

3、54.2. Economic legacies64.3. Cultural Legacies65. Bibliography81. The causes of the Cold War Its believed that the origin of the cold war was directly related to the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Allies (United States, United Kingdom and France) in the years of 1945-1947. In the end,

4、 the Soviet Union and the United States Army in Adolf Hitlers Nazi empire in Europe and the United States got a complete victory. In 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, and they were both the winners in the Second World War. However, wartime allies finally became mortal enemies

5、, locked in a global struggle of politics, economy, military affairs, and there was thought to be another new Cold War just a few years later. During and after the Second World War, a series of events exacerbated the tensions, including subsequently results in the first two years of the war of theSo

6、viet-German pact. The amphibious invasion of German occupied Europe perceived latency and supported of the Atlantic Charter of the Western allies. The western allies support for theAtlantic Charter, disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate ofEastern Europe, the Soviets creation of anEastern

7、 Blocof Sovietsatellite states, western allies scrapping theMorgenthau Planto support the rebuilding of German industry, and theMarshall Plan.Finally, the Yalta agreements were not so really compromise as misunderstanding (in the short term) among the three leaders. When Stalin left, he was very hap

8、py, and he won the British and American control of Eastern Europe, Churchill and Roosevelt. However, the two parts of the agreements are mutually exclusive, what if the Eastern European people trying to decide their own orbit from the Soviet Unions own words will happen? In the future, the Yalta agr

9、eements are not only possible; they are almost inevitable.Reference:1 陈开仁.冷战实力与谋略的较量.Beijing,中共党史出版社,19972. The process of the Cold WarActions America took in Cold War consists of four parts: 1: The establishment of containment strategy (1947-1953)First, the introduction and implementation of the Ma

10、rshall Plan represented the intention of to send large-scale economic aid to Western Europe as a way to avoid the expansion of communism in Europe. Second, the intervention of the Italian election in 1948. America offered economic aid, political campaign, intelligence activities and covert operation

11、s to help Democratic Party win the election, which fostered the Cold War pattern in Europe. Third, American cold war policy in Asia. It drove a wedge between the Soviet Union and China to prevent the Soviet Union from controlling Asia. It signed San Francisco Treaty of Peace with Japan to expand its

12、 influence in Far East. 2: The globalized Cold War and the national strategy of Cold War (1953-1962)First, American cover operation was used to handle the communism in Guatemala, Which is called Operations PBSUCCESS, to weaken the power of the Soviet Union and communism. Second, American policy to E

13、astern Europe was to strengthen contact with Eastern European countries to disintegrate relations between them and the Soviet Union. Third, the doctrine of massive retaliation became an important component in Eisenhowers “national Cold War Strategy” to develop its military position against the Sovie

14、t Union. 3: American action in response to out-of-balance. (1962-1969)First, America and the Soviet Union handled Cuban Missile Crisis, altering the Third World War and gaining a good reputation, which relieved their relations to some extent. Second, as China became a country owning nuclear power, A

15、merica gradually admitted the legality of the Peoples Republic of China. It laid foundation for the improvement of their relations. 2.4. Part 4: The Transformation of the Cold War and the Overall Adjustment of American Strategy (1970-1973)First, the Nixon doctrine was applied and American foreign po

16、licy was adjusted to deal with the conflicts and differences with Europe, China, Japan and the Soviet Union. (The policy is that America established a new international order with Europe, China, Japan and the Soviet Union) Second, America made use of the Nixon administrations triangular strategy to

17、improve the relation with China and stand in an advantageous position in the demulcent relationship with the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, relationship between China and the Soviet Union would not be close.Reference:2 Ncs162/2, Basic National Security. Digital National Security Archive, 1953,3 沈志华.冷战时期美国

18、重大外交政策案例研究.经济科学出版社，20143. The end of the Cold WarThe Cold War collapsed, as widely known, thanks to the dismantling of the USSR. Here are some reasons for the desire for an end, and factors that accelerated the disintegration of USSR. Both Americas president Ronald Reagan and USSRs premier Mikhail G

19、orbachev played big roles in it.3.1. Economic reasonsEconomically, the Soviet Union failed to meet the domestic needs because of the irrational involvement in Mr. Carters arms race of B1 bomber and MX missile and Mr. Reagans star wars, the escalating spending on the frustrating Afghanistan war and t

20、he economic stagnation inside the union. Gorbachevs reforms, with piles of western goods, ideas, and services flooding in, and the flagging, inefficient absolute centralized economy itself, provoked the demand for an immediate move to capitalism. 3.2. Political reasonsPolitically, Gorbachev, the rev

21、olutionary leader, promoted the liberalization of the political landscape, which unluckily, to the furthered frustration of the frustrated USSR leadership, waked the crazy little sleeping beauty of freedom deep in the civilians under manacles up. Then followed the movements in Eastern Europe, and th

22、e irresistible claiming for independence of the USSRs used-to-be loyal brothers, while USSR inclined not to interfere. The union broke up.“For foreign policy, Gorbachev tossed the international class struggle idea, and discarded the use or threat of force in dealing with conflicts.” (Who ended the C

23、old War?)3.3. Military reasonsAs for military forces, the Soviet announced a reduction by 500,000 troops and a withdrawal of 50,000 soldiers from east Europe. Additionally, the decades-long enmity between the superpowers asked a peaceful end, for common interests. Negotiations not military confronta

24、tions constituted the core of Reagans strategy in dealing with the Soviet, while Gorbachev initiated a series of summit meeting with Reagan and Bush senior, including the massive reduction in nuclear weapons.Reference:4 Paul C. Demakis. (2009, 11). Who ended the Cold War? Retrieved from: /editorial_

25、opinion/oped/articles/2009/11/05/who_ended_the_cold_war/105 Michael Cox. (n.d.) Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War: The Debate Continues. 6Information on:-by-era/age-reagan/essays/ronald-reagan-and-end-cold-war-debate-continues4. The effects of the Cold warThe legacies of the Cold War continu

26、es to influence world in various affairs 4.1.Technological legaciesNuclear legacies from the Cold War benefits a lot in the carefully managed application of radiation and other nuclear processes, such as the application of new technologies in nuclear weapon, radiation in medical treatment. Improveme

27、nt in environmental remediation, industrial production, science and technology were also remarkable.But there were dark clouds. Potential insecurity threatened nations and international relationships. Nuclear weapons played an important role in protecting and stabilizing those powers who own that. H

28、owever, it brought many disadvantages at the same time. The bombings to Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused large-scale destruction through intense blast and fire, as well as severe and lasting radiation. Moreover, people e involved in the research of nuclear weapons, such as the scientists, technicians and military personnel, were exposed to the radiation, which generated serious impact on them. Several significant accident