关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文.docx

关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文.docx

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关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文

ColdWar（US）

2Yuki

1Sunny

2Apple

7Charlene

4Hailey

Contents

1.ThecausesoftheColdWar··························································································1

2.TheprocessoftheColdWar························································································2

2.1Theestablishmentofcontainmentstrategy（1947-1953）················································2

2.2TheglobalizedColdWarandthenationalstrategyofColdWar（1953-1962）···············2

2.3Americanactioninresponsetoout-of-balance.（1962-1969）········································2

2.4TheTransformationoftheColdWarandtheOverallAdjustmentofAmericanStrategy（1970-1973）························································································································3

3.TheendoftheColdWar····························································································3

3.1.Economicreasons·······································································································3

3.2.Politicalreasons··········································································································4

3.3.Militaryreasons··········································································································4

4.TheeffectsoftheColdwar·······················································································5

4.1.Technologicallegacies·································································································5

4.2.Economiclegacies······································································································6

4.3.CulturalLegacies········································································································6

5.Bibliography·················································································································8

1.ThecausesoftheColdWar

It’sbelievedthattheoriginofthecoldwarwasdirectlyrelatedtotherelationshipbetweentheSovietUnionandtheAllies（UnitedStates,UnitedKingdomandFrance）intheyearsof1945-1947.Intheend,theSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesArmyinAdolfHitler'sNaziempireinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesgotacompletevictory.

In1945,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwereallies,andtheywereboththewinnersintheSecondWorldWar.However,wartimealliesfinallybecamemortalenemies,lockedinaglobalstruggleofpolitics,economy,militaryaffairs,andtherewasthoughttobeanothernew"ColdWar"justafewyearslater.

DuringandaftertheSecondWorldWar,aseriesofeventsexacerbatedthetensions,includingsubsequentlyresultsinthefirsttwoyearsofthewarofthe Soviet-Germanpact.TheamphibiousinvasionofGermanoccupiedEuropeperceivedlatencyandsupportedoftheAtlanticCharteroftheWesternallies.Thewesternallies'supportforthe AtlanticCharter,disagreementinwartimeconferencesoverthefateof EasternEurope,theSoviets'creationofan EasternBloc ofSoviet satellitestates,westernalliesscrappingthe MorgenthauPlan tosupporttherebuildingofGermanindustry,andthe MarshallPlan.

Finally,theYaltaagreementswerenotsoreallycompromiseasmisunderstanding（intheshortterm）amongthethreeleaders.WhenStalinleft,hewasveryhappy,andhewontheBritishandAmericancontrolofEasternEurope,ChurchillandRoosevelt.However,thetwopartsoftheagreementsaremutuallyexclusive,whatiftheEasternEuropeanpeopletryingtodecidetheirownorbitfromtheSovietUnion'sownwordswillhappen?

Inthefuture,theYaltaagreementsarenotonlypossible;theyarealmostinevitable.

Reference:

[1]陈开仁.冷战——实力与谋略的较量.Beijing,中共党史出版社,1997

2.TheprocessoftheColdWar

ActionsAmericatookinColdWarconsistsoffourparts:

1:

Theestablishmentofcontainmentstrategy（1947-1953）

First,theintroductionandimplementationoftheMarshallPlanrepresentedtheintentionoftosendlarge-scaleeconomicaidtoWesternEuropeasawaytoavoidtheexpansionofcommunisminEurope.Second,theinterventionoftheItalianelectionin1948.Americaofferedeconomicaid,politicalcampaign,intelligenceactivitiesandcovertoperationstohelpDemocraticPartywintheelection,whichfosteredtheColdWarpatterninEurope.Third,AmericancoldwarpolicyinAsia.ItdroveawedgebetweentheSovietUnionandChinatopreventtheSovietUnionfromcontrollingAsia.ItsignedSanFranciscoTreatyofPeacewithJapantoexpanditsinfluenceinFarEast.

2:

TheglobalizedColdWarandthenationalstrategyofColdWar（1953-1962）

First,AmericancoveroperationwasusedtohandlethecommunisminGuatemala,WhichiscalledOperationsPBSUCCESS,toweakenthepoweroftheSovietUnionandcommunism.Second,AmericanpolicytoEasternEuropewastostrengthencontactwithEasternEuropeancountriestodisintegraterelationsbetweenthemandtheSovietUnion.Third,thedoctrineof‘massiveretaliation’becameanimportantcomponentinEisenhower’s“nationalColdWarStrategy”todevelopitsmilitarypositionagainsttheSovietUnion.

3:

Americanactioninresponsetoout-of-balance.（1962-1969）

First,AmericaandtheSovietUnionhandledCubanMissileCrisis,alteringtheThirdWorldWarandgainingagoodreputation,whichrelievedtheirrelationstosomeextent.Second,asChinabecameacountryowningnuclearpower,AmericagraduallyadmittedthelegalityofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Itlaidfoundationfortheimprovementoftheirrelations.

2.4.Part4:

TheTransformationoftheColdWarandtheOverallAdjustmentofAmericanStrategy（1970-1973）

First,theNixondoctrinewasappliedandAmericanforeignpolicywasadjustedtodealwiththeconflictsanddifferenceswithEurope,China,JapanandtheSovietUnion.（ThepolicyisthatAmericaestablishedanewinternationalorderwithEurope,China,JapanandtheSovietUnion）Second,AmericamadeuseoftheNixonadministration’striangularstrategytoimprovetherelationwithChinaandstandinanadvantageouspositioninthedemulcentrelationshipwiththeSovietUnion.Meanwhile,relationshipbetweenChinaandtheSovietUnionwouldnotbeclose.

Reference:

[2]Ncs162/2,BasicNationalSecurity.DigitalNationalSecurityArchive,1953,

[3]沈志华.冷战时期美国重大外交政策案例研究.经济科学出版社，2014

3.TheendoftheColdWar

TheColdWarcollapsed,aswidelyknown,thankstothedismantlingoftheUSSR.Herearesomereasonsforthedesireforanend,andfactorsthatacceleratedthedisintegrationofUSSR.BothAmerica’spresidentRonaldReaganandUSSR’spremierMikhailGorbachevplayedbigrolesinit.

3.1.Economicreasons

Economically,theSovietUnionfailedtomeetthedomesticneedsbecauseoftheirrationalinvolvementinMr.Carter’sarmsraceofB1bomberandMXmissileandMr.Reagan’sstarwars,theescalatingspendingonthefrustratingAfghanistanwarandtheeconomicstagnationinsidetheunion.Gorbachev’sreforms,withpilesofwesterngoods,ideas,andservicesfloodingin,andtheflagging,inefficientabsolutecentralizedeconomyitself,provokedthedemandforanimmediatemovetocapitalism.

3.2.Politicalreasons

Politically,Gorbachev,therevolutionaryleader,promotedtheliberalizationofthepoliticallandscape,whichunluckily,tothefurtheredfrustrationofthefrustratedUSSRleadership,wakedthecrazylittlesleepingbeautyoffreedomdeepintheciviliansundermanaclesup.ThenfollowedthemovementsinEasternEurope,andtheirresistibleclaimingforindependenceoftheUSSR’sused-to-beloyalbrothers,whileUSSRinclinednottointerfere.Theunionbrokeup.

“Forforeignpolicy,Gorbachevtossedthe‘internationalclassstruggle’idea,anddiscardedtheuseorthreatofforceindealingwithconflicts.”（WhoendedtheColdWar?

）

3.3.Militaryreasons

Asformilitaryforces,theSovietannouncedareductionby500,000troopsandawithdrawalof50,000soldiersfromeastEurope.Additionally,thedecades-longenmitybetweenthesuperpowersaskedapeacefulend,forcommoninterests.Negotiations—notmilitaryconfrontations—constitutedthecoreofReagan’sstrategyindealingwiththeSoviet,whileGorbachevinitiatedaseriesofsummitmeetingwithReaganandBushsenior,includingthemassivereductioninnuclearweapons.

Reference:

[4]PaulC.Demakis.（2009,11）.WhoendedtheColdWar?

Retrievedfrom:

/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/11/05/who_ended_the_cold_war/10

[5]MichaelCox.（n.d.）RonaldReaganandtheEndoftheColdWar:

TheDebateContinues.

[6]Informationon:

-by-era/age-reagan/essays/ronald-reagan-and-end-cold-war-debate-continues

4.TheeffectsoftheColdwar

ThelegaciesoftheColdWarcontinuestoinfluenceworldinvariousaffairs

4.1.Technologicallegacies

NuclearlegaciesfromtheColdWarbenefitsalotinthecarefullymanagedapplicationofradiationandothernuclearprocesses,suchastheapplicationofnewtechnologiesinnuclearweapon,radiationinmedicaltreatment.Improvementinenvironmentalremediation,industrialproduction,scienceandtechnologywerealsoremarkable.

Butthereweredarkclouds.Potentialinsecuritythreatenednationsandinternationalrelationships.Nuclearweaponsplayedanimportantroleinprotectingandstabilizingthosepowerswhoownthat.However,itbroughtmanydisadvantagesatthesametime.ThebombingstoHiroshimaandNagasakicausedlarge-scaledestructionthroughintenseblastandfire,aswellassevereandlastingradiation.Moreover,peopleeinvolvedintheresearchofnuclearweapons,suchasthescientists,techniciansandmilitarypersonnel,wereexposedtotheradiation,whichgeneratedseriousimpactonthem.Severalsignificantaccident