关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文.docx
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关于冷战的起因经过结果和影响英语版论文
ColdWar(US)
2Yuki
1Sunny
2Apple
7Charlene
4Hailey
Contents
1.ThecausesoftheColdWar··························································································1
2.TheprocessoftheColdWar························································································2
2.1Theestablishmentofcontainmentstrategy(1947-1953)················································2
2.2TheglobalizedColdWarandthenationalstrategyofColdWar(1953-1962)···············2
2.3Americanactioninresponsetoout-of-balance.(1962-1969)········································2
2.4TheTransformationoftheColdWarandtheOverallAdjustmentofAmericanStrategy(1970-1973)························································································································3
3.TheendoftheColdWar····························································································3
3.1.Economicreasons·······································································································3
3.2.Politicalreasons··········································································································4
3.3.Militaryreasons··········································································································4
4.TheeffectsoftheColdwar·······················································································5
4.1.Technologicallegacies·································································································5
4.2.Economiclegacies······································································································6
4.3.CulturalLegacies········································································································6
5.Bibliography·················································································································8
1.ThecausesoftheColdWar
It’sbelievedthattheoriginofthecoldwarwasdirectlyrelatedtotherelationshipbetweentheSovietUnionandtheAllies(UnitedStates,UnitedKingdomandFrance)intheyearsof1945-1947.Intheend,theSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesArmyinAdolfHitler'sNaziempireinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesgotacompletevictory.
In1945,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwereallies,andtheywereboththewinnersintheSecondWorldWar.However,wartimealliesfinallybecamemortalenemies,lockedinaglobalstruggleofpolitics,economy,militaryaffairs,andtherewasthoughttobeanothernew"ColdWar"justafewyearslater.
DuringandaftertheSecondWorldWar,aseriesofeventsexacerbatedthetensions,includingsubsequentlyresultsinthefirsttwoyearsofthewarofthe Soviet-Germanpact.TheamphibiousinvasionofGermanoccupiedEuropeperceivedlatencyandsupportedoftheAtlanticCharteroftheWesternallies.Thewesternallies'supportforthe AtlanticCharter,disagreementinwartimeconferencesoverthefateof EasternEurope,theSoviets'creationofan EasternBloc ofSoviet satellitestates,westernalliesscrappingthe MorgenthauPlan tosupporttherebuildingofGermanindustry,andthe MarshallPlan.
Finally,theYaltaagreementswerenotsoreallycompromiseasmisunderstanding(intheshortterm)amongthethreeleaders.WhenStalinleft,hewasveryhappy,andhewontheBritishandAmericancontrolofEasternEurope,ChurchillandRoosevelt.However,thetwopartsoftheagreementsaremutuallyexclusive,whatiftheEasternEuropeanpeopletryingtodecidetheirownorbitfromtheSovietUnion'sownwordswillhappen?
Inthefuture,theYaltaagreementsarenotonlypossible;theyarealmostinevitable.
Reference:
[1]陈开仁.冷战——实力与谋略的较量.Beijing,中共党史出版社,1997
2.TheprocessoftheColdWar
ActionsAmericatookinColdWarconsistsoffourparts:
1:
Theestablishmentofcontainmentstrategy(1947-1953)
First,theintroductionandimplementationoftheMarshallPlanrepresentedtheintentionoftosendlarge-scaleeconomicaidtoWesternEuropeasawaytoavoidtheexpansionofcommunisminEurope.Second,theinterventionoftheItalianelectionin1948.Americaofferedeconomicaid,politicalcampaign,intelligenceactivitiesandcovertoperationstohelpDemocraticPartywintheelection,whichfosteredtheColdWarpatterninEurope.Third,AmericancoldwarpolicyinAsia.ItdroveawedgebetweentheSovietUnionandChinatopreventtheSovietUnionfromcontrollingAsia.ItsignedSanFranciscoTreatyofPeacewithJapantoexpanditsinfluenceinFarEast.
2:
TheglobalizedColdWarandthenationalstrategyofColdWar(1953-1962)
First,AmericancoveroperationwasusedtohandlethecommunisminGuatemala,WhichiscalledOperationsPBSUCCESS,toweakenthepoweroftheSovietUnionandcommunism.Second,AmericanpolicytoEasternEuropewastostrengthencontactwithEasternEuropeancountriestodisintegraterelationsbetweenthemandtheSovietUnion.Third,thedoctrineof‘massiveretaliation’becameanimportantcomponentinEisenhower’s“nationalColdWarStrategy”todevelopitsmilitarypositionagainsttheSovietUnion.
3:
Americanactioninresponsetoout-of-balance.(1962-1969)
First,AmericaandtheSovietUnionhandledCubanMissileCrisis,alteringtheThirdWorldWarandgainingagoodreputation,whichrelievedtheirrelationstosomeextent.Second,asChinabecameacountryowningnuclearpower,AmericagraduallyadmittedthelegalityofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Itlaidfoundationfortheimprovementoftheirrelations.
2.4.Part4:
TheTransformationoftheColdWarandtheOverallAdjustmentofAmericanStrategy(1970-1973)
First,theNixondoctrinewasappliedandAmericanforeignpolicywasadjustedtodealwiththeconflictsanddifferenceswithEurope,China,JapanandtheSovietUnion.(ThepolicyisthatAmericaestablishedanewinternationalorderwithEurope,China,JapanandtheSovietUnion)Second,AmericamadeuseoftheNixonadministration’striangularstrategytoimprovetherelationwithChinaandstandinanadvantageouspositioninthedemulcentrelationshipwiththeSovietUnion.Meanwhile,relationshipbetweenChinaandtheSovietUnionwouldnotbeclose.
Reference:
[2]Ncs162/2,BasicNationalSecurity.DigitalNationalSecurityArchive,1953,
[3]沈志华.冷战时期美国重大外交政策案例研究.经济科学出版社,2014
3.TheendoftheColdWar
TheColdWarcollapsed,aswidelyknown,thankstothedismantlingoftheUSSR.Herearesomereasonsforthedesireforanend,andfactorsthatacceleratedthedisintegrationofUSSR.BothAmerica’spresidentRonaldReaganandUSSR’spremierMikhailGorbachevplayedbigrolesinit.
3.1.Economicreasons
Economically,theSovietUnionfailedtomeetthedomesticneedsbecauseoftheirrationalinvolvementinMr.Carter’sarmsraceofB1bomberandMXmissileandMr.Reagan’sstarwars,theescalatingspendingonthefrustratingAfghanistanwarandtheeconomicstagnationinsidetheunion.Gorbachev’sreforms,withpilesofwesterngoods,ideas,andservicesfloodingin,andtheflagging,inefficientabsolutecentralizedeconomyitself,provokedthedemandforanimmediatemovetocapitalism.
3.2.Politicalreasons
Politically,Gorbachev,therevolutionaryleader,promotedtheliberalizationofthepoliticallandscape,whichunluckily,tothefurtheredfrustrationofthefrustratedUSSRleadership,wakedthecrazylittlesleepingbeautyoffreedomdeepintheciviliansundermanaclesup.ThenfollowedthemovementsinEasternEurope,andtheirresistibleclaimingforindependenceoftheUSSR’sused-to-beloyalbrothers,whileUSSRinclinednottointerfere.Theunionbrokeup.
“Forforeignpolicy,Gorbachevtossedthe‘internationalclassstruggle’idea,anddiscardedtheuseorthreatofforceindealingwithconflicts.”(WhoendedtheColdWar?
)
3.3.Militaryreasons
Asformilitaryforces,theSovietannouncedareductionby500,000troopsandawithdrawalof50,000soldiersfromeastEurope.Additionally,thedecades-longenmitybetweenthesuperpowersaskedapeacefulend,forcommoninterests.Negotiations—notmilitaryconfrontations—constitutedthecoreofReagan’sstrategyindealingwiththeSoviet,whileGorbachevinitiatedaseriesofsummitmeetingwithReaganandBushsenior,includingthemassivereductioninnuclearweapons.
Reference:
[4]PaulC.Demakis.(2009,11).WhoendedtheColdWar?
Retrievedfrom:
/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/11/05/who_ended_the_cold_war/10
[5]MichaelCox.(n.d.)RonaldReaganandtheEndoftheColdWar:
TheDebateContinues.
[6]Informationon:
-by-era/age-reagan/essays/ronald-reagan-and-end-cold-war-debate-continues
4.TheeffectsoftheColdwar
ThelegaciesoftheColdWarcontinuestoinfluenceworldinvariousaffairs
4.1.Technologicallegacies
NuclearlegaciesfromtheColdWarbenefitsalotinthecarefullymanagedapplicationofradiationandothernuclearprocesses,suchastheapplicationofnewtechnologiesinnuclearweapon,radiationinmedicaltreatment.Improvementinenvironmentalremediation,industrialproduction,scienceandtechnologywerealsoremarkable.
Butthereweredarkclouds.Potentialinsecuritythreatenednationsandinternationalrelationships.Nuclearweaponsplayedanimportantroleinprotectingandstabilizingthosepowerswhoownthat.However,itbroughtmanydisadvantagesatthesametime.ThebombingstoHiroshimaandNagasakicausedlarge-scaledestructionthroughintenseblastandfire,aswellassevereandlastingradiation.Moreover,peopleeinvolvedintheresearchofnuclearweapons,suchasthescientists,techniciansandmilitarypersonnel,wereexposedtotheradiation,whichgeneratedseriousimpactonthem.Severalsignificantaccident