独立结构讲解练习及翻译.docx

1、独立结构讲解练习及翻译1 独立结构的实质和类型 所谓“独立结构”（Absolute Construction）实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。如前所述，非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主语。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，因此叫“独立结构”。其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分词。“独立结构”按其结构形式，分为不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。例如：（1） A number of offici

2、als followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。（some to hold和others to adjust为不定式独立结构）（2） There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。（There being为-ing分词独立结构）（3） She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手

3、叉在胸前。（her hands clasped为-ed分词独立结构）（4） He went off, gun in hand. ?他手里拿着枪离开了。（gun in hand为无动词独立结构）（5） The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。（The floor wet为无动词“独立结构”） 2“独立结构”的用法和意义由上述诸例可以看出，“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开，但也有用破折号的。例如：（6） The room was in chaos- dirty clothes strewn on the fl

4、oor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere. 房间一片混乱，脏衣服扔在地板上，化装品散乱在梳妆台上，到处都是空的瓶。 在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。 例如：（7） The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed. 经理静静地坐在办公室里，双目紧闭。 “独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的，它可位于句首，句中或句尾。 例如：（8） Their room was on the third floor, its

5、 window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。（9） He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着他，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。（10） He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果情况允许，将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。 如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”，通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。 例如：（11） The professor was slammed ag

6、ainst the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上，被搜了身，手被拷着，尊严尽失。 “独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。 例如： 表示时间：（12） His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 家庭作业完成之后，杰姆决定去看戏。（13） The meal over, we began t

7、o work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 吃完饭，我们又开始干活。表示原因：（14） The last bus giving gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. ?由于末班车已开走，我们只得步行回家。（15） Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. =As her shirt was caught on a nail, she cou

8、ld not move. 由于裙子被钉子钩住，她不能移动。表示条件：（16） Whether permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. =If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 假如天气允许的话，足球赛将在星期三举行。表示方式和伴随状况：（17） He put on his socks wrong side out. 他穿上袜子，反面朝上。（18） The children were watching the acroba

9、tic show, their eye (being) wide open. 孩子们在看杂技表演，眼睛睁得很大。 在上述诸例中，“独立结构”均可变为由with引导的介词词组，即在“独立结构”前可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义，只是比较口语化。 例如：（19） They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. 他们坐在房间里，窗帘拉下来。 With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 树长高了，我们得到更多的阴凉。 He came into the classroom with a book

10、in his hand. 他手里拿着一本书走进教室。 1 不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别。 不定式“独立结构”表示即将发生的动作。 例如：（1） We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们将在十点四十五分集合，队伍整十一点开始游行。（2） The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic princip

11、le, the details to be worked put later. 计划是双方应先就基本原则达成协议，细节问题以后拟订。 -ing分词“独立结构”表示正在进行的动作，且主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系。例如：（3） We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每一个人就像干两个人的活。 -ed分词“独立结构”表示已发生的动作，主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系。例如：（4） This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回去。（5） All our saving gone, we start

12、ed looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 2 无动词“独立结构”的常见类型：（1） 名词+介词短语?（2） 名词+adj.或adv. 例如：He sat st the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格

13、结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。1 名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。例 The

14、man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。2 名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head

15、.The job not finished, we couldnt see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。3 名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.

16、We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5 名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay o

17、utside for a while.I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorrow.这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。6 名词/代词+副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例 The meeting over, we all went home.Nobody in, he left a message on the board.He sat at the table, head down.7. 名词/代词+介词短语介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。例 Th

18、e teacher came in, a book under his arm.The hunter entered the forest， gun in handNobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.8 with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.The teacher came in with several students following behind.With a lot of things to d

19、eal with, he will have a difficult time.With the work done, he went out to eat.He left the office with the lights on.Mary rushed out of独立结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立结构的基本概念 独立结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立结构一

20、般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。because, as, since, while, and, if 二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。2. 名词（代词）+过去分词

21、The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下

22、周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排

23、，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7

24、. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed

25、with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他

26、都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the be

27、ach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands

28、 were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 四、使用

29、独立主格结构的几点注意1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名

30、词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arrivi

31、ng, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。英语独立主格结构常见类型 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分