四级阅读真题第一套卷答案.docx

1、四级阅读真题第一套卷答案2015年12月四级阅读真题第一套卷答案新东方&新东方在线联合发布Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the first year of life, ifsomething is out of sight, it s out of mind. If you cover a baby s 36 toy with a piececloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared and stops look ing for it. A 4-year-old may

2、37 that a sister has more fruit a juice when it is only the shape of the glasses that differ ,not the 38 of juice.Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little scientists, children arealways testi ng their child-sized 39 about how things work. Whe n your childre n throwsher spo on on the

3、 floor for the sixth time as you try to feed her , and you say. “ Teno ugh! I will not pick up yo ur spo on aga in! ” the child will 40 test your claim. Are youserous? Are you an gry? What will happe n if she throws the spo on aga in? She is not doingthis to drive you 41 ; rather, she is learning th

4、at her desires and yours can differ, and that sometimes those 42 are importa nt and sometimes they are not.How and why does chidren s thinking change? In the 1920s. Swiss psychologistJean Piaget proposed that children s认知ngniae(ties unfold 43, like theblooming of a flower, almost independent of what

5、 else is 44 in their lives. Althoughmany of his specific con clusi onshave bee n 45 or modified over the years, his ideas in spired thousa nds of studies by investigators all over the world.A.advocateB.am ountC.con firmedD.crazyE.defi niteF.differe ncesG.favoriteH.happe ningimmediatelyJ. n aturallyK

6、. obtai ningL.primarilyM. protestN. rejectedO. theories答案:GMBOIQFJHNThe Perfect EssayALook ing back on too many years of educati on, I can ide ntify one trulyimpossible teacher. She cared about me, and my in tellectual life,eve n whe n I did nt. Her expectations werehpglssibly so. She was an English

7、 teacher. She was also my mother.BWhen good students turn in an essay, they dream of their instructorreturning it to them in exactly the same condition, save for a single wor d added inthe margin of the final page: ” Flawless. ” This dream came true for me one after noon inthe ninth grade. Of course

8、, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so Iwas on lyslightly take n aback that I had achieved perfecti on at the ten der age of 14. Obviously,I did what any professi onal writer would do; ICMy mother, who is just shy of five feet tall, is n ormally in crediblysoft-spoke n, but

9、on the rare occasi on whe n she got an gry, she was terrifyi ng. I am not sure if she was more upset by my hubrig得意忘形 or by the fact that my English teacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any eve nt, my mother and her red pen showed me howdeeply flawed a flawless essay could be. At the time,

10、I am sure she thought she was teach ing me about mecha ni cs, tran siti on过渡,structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuck with me through my time teach ing writi ng at Harvard, was a deeper less on about the n ature of creative criticism.DFist off, it hurts. Genuine criticism, the

11、type that leaves a lasting markon you as a writer, also leaves an existential imprin印记 on you as a person. I have heard people say that a writer should n ever takecriticism pers on ally. I say that we should n ever liste n to these people.ECriticism, at its best, is deeply pers on al, and gets to th

12、e heart of why we write the way we do. The intimate nature of genuine criticism implies somethi ng about who is able to give it, n amely, some one who knows you well eno ugh to show you how your men tal life is getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently, they are also the people who careeno ug

13、h to see you through this painful realizati on.For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer lock s II was not able to produce anything for three years.FFranz Kafka once said: ” Writing is utter so独处de(he descentinto the cold abyss深渊 of on eself. “ My mother s criticism

14、 had show n me thatKafka is right about the cold abyss, and whe n you make the in trospectivep内省的 dece ntthat writ ing requires you are out always pleased by what you find. ” But, in the years tlfollowed, her susta ined tutori ng suggested that Kafka might bewrong about the solitude. I was lucky eno

15、 ugh to find a critic andteacherwho was willi ng to make the journey of writ ing with me. “It is a thi ng of nogreat difficulty, ” accord ing to Plutarch, “ to raise object ions aga inst ano ther manit is a very easy matter;but to produce a better in its place is a work extremelytroublesome. ” I am

16、sure I wrote essays in the later years of highschool without my mother s guidanee, but I can t recall them.What I remember, however, is how we took up the “ extremelytroublesome ” work of ongoing criticism.GThere are two ways to in terpret Plutarch whe n he suggests that acritic should be able to pr

17、oduce “ a better in its place. ” In astraightforward sen se, he could mean that a critic must be moretale nted tha n the artist she critiques评论.My mother was wellcovered on this count. But perhaps Plutarch is suggesting something slightlydifferent, something a bit closer to Marcus Cicero s claim tha

18、t one should “ criticizcreati on, not by finding fault. ”Genuine criticism creates a precious ope ning for an author tobecome better on this own terma process that is ofte n extremely pain ful, but also almost always meanin gful.HMy mother said she would help me with my writing, but fist I hadmyself

19、. For each assig nmen t, I was write the best essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she foundany the type I could have found on my own I had to start from scratch. From scratch. Once the essay was “flawless, ” she would take an evening to walk me throughmy errors

20、. That was whe n true criticism, the type that cha nged me as a pers on, bega n.IShe criticized me when I included little-known references andprofessional jargon行话.She had no patience for brilliant butirrelevant figures of speech. “ Writers虚张声势 ttbluff(way thro ugh ignorance. ” That was news towomld

21、 ned to find another wayto structure my daily existe nce.JShe trimmed back my flowery Ian guage, drew lines through my exclamatio n marksand argued for the value of restra int inexpression. “ John, ” she almost whis pered. I learned in to hearher: ” I can t hear you when you shout at me. ” So I stop

22、ped shouting and bluffing, and slowly my writing improved.KSomewhere along the way I set aside my hopes of writi ng that flawless essay. But perhaps I missed somethi ng importa nt in mymother s lessons abouiativity and perfection. Perhaps the point of writing theflawless essay was not to give up, bu

23、t to never willingly finish. Whitman repeatedly reworded “Song of Myself ” between 1855 and 1891. Repeatedly. We do our absolute best wiry a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In critique, however, we are forced to depart, to give up the p

24、erfect ion we thought we had achieved for the cha nee ofbeing eve n a little bit better. This is the less on I took from my mother.If perfect ion were possible, it would not be motivati ng.46.The author was advised aga inst the improper use of figures of speech.47.The author s mother taught him a va

25、luable less on by poin ti ng out lots of flaws in his seem in gly perfect essay.48.A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.49.Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they justcan t produce anything.50.The author was not much surprised whe n h

26、is school teacher marked his essay as“ flawless ”.51.Criticiz ing some one s speech is said to be easier tha n coming up with a betterone.52.The author looks upon his mother as his most dema nding and cari ng in structor.53.The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.54

27、.The author gradually improved his writ ing by avoid ing fancy Ian guage.55.Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.答案:ICKEB,FAHJGCould you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?It wouldn t be surprising if it were hard to reprod

28、uce in other countries, because youcouldn t reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?It s the right people. If you could get the right ten thoidopleto move from Silic on Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silic on Valley.You only n eed two kinds of peopl

29、e to create a tech no logy hub 中心:rich people and nerds痴迷科研的人.Observati on bears this out. Within the US, tow ns have become startup hubs if andonly if they have both rich people and n erds. Few startups happe n in Miami, for example, because although it s full of rich people, it has few nerds. It s

30、 not the kind of placelike.Whereas Pittsburg has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. Thetop US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, andCarnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley.But what did Carnegie-Mel

31、lon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, homeof Corn ell Un iversity, which is also high on the list.I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Corn ell, so I can an swer for both. Theweather is terrible, particularly in winter, and there s no interesting old city to make u|for it,

32、as there is in Bost on. Rich people don t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. Sowhile there are plenty of hackers 电脑迷 who could start startups, there s no one toin vest in them.Do you really need the rich people? Wouldn t it work to have thegovernment invest the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experie n