1、非谓语动词 胡尔倩 高一非谓语动词 一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词(不带to 的不定式)、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成。如:I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing and English song when I passed by her room
2、yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如:I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)2leave 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的leave 保留了原来之义“留下”,但表达的确切之义应是“使处于某种状态)。leave sb. doing st
3、h. 让某人一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。)leave sth. undone 留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多)leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。)如:Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dish
4、es untouched, because they didnt taste delicious. 客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不可口。(被动,完成)He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。(主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙导结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)3have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中heave, get 表示“使、让、叫”之意。
5、have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”(叫/让某人做某事)。如Ill have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外,have sth. done 还表示“使遭受”之意。如Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事(现在分词表示主动,正在进行)get sb. / sth
6、. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来如:The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. 农忙时,农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意:“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中,其中have 有“容忍”之意。如:I wont have you speaking to your parents like t
7、hat.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Dont have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。 have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事如:Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me. 三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看(loo
8、k at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, lave 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如:At that time, I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing. Im sorry to have kept you waiting for
9、 such a long time. The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 二、分词作定语1作定语的及物动词分词形式为:V ing; being + 过去分词;过去分刻画 。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用V ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being + 过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。例如:The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Toms. I have never s
10、een a more moving movie. 2作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:V ing 和过去分词。V ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语,主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?He is ma
11、n loved and respected by all. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge. 现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students. 不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。如:The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting i
12、s a very important one. 清单四 不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help 此外,afford, strive 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如: She pretended not to see me wh
13、en I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are striving to make their products more competitive. 二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成停欣赏,不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest /
14、advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk 此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay atte
15、ntion to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。 The squirrels was lucky that if just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across
16、the Atlantic Ocena in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意。1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to
17、do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事例如: She reached the top of the hill
18、 and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. I usually go there by train. Why not try going by boat for a change ? You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret having done that. 2动词like,
19、love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词,如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意:如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如:I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.Id like to go swimming this weekend. 3在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即:allow / advise
20、/forbid / permit doing sth. allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. 如:We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. 4动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外,若动词need 表“需要”,require 表“要求”,want 表“想要”这些意义时,其后须接名词
21、或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即:need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词) be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得 be worthy to be done 如:The window needs / requires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be
22、 cleaned.窗户需要擦一下。The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去。如: only one of these books is worth reading. What do you think of the book ? Oh, excellent, Its worth reading a second time. 四、动词不定式作动词tell,
23、 show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时,前面常带wh 引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句。例如:He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)I dont know
24、 what to do. ( = I dont know what Ill do.)Can you tell me why do it ?五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but, cant help but, cant but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如:We could do nothing but / other than wait. We had nothing to do but / other than wait. We have no ch
25、oice but to wait. I cant choose but laugh. 4独立成分作状语有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有:Generally speaking 一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 根据来判断Considering 考虑到To tell you the truth 说实话四、动名词作主语动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is / was no use / good + doing sth. It is / was not any use / good +
26、doing sth.It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. It is / was useless 如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜没有什么好处若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。五、注意以下表达的意义区别falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen le
27、aves 已经落下的树叶boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开过的水developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. The girl let out a frightened cry a
28、t the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. ) 看到蛇,女孩尖叫起不。His frightening shout scared the boys again. ( The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. )他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有:an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情 He hunted all t
29、he shops, looking for a nice present for his girlfriend. (伴随)他找遍了所有的商店,为他的女友寻来一件精英的礼物。He hunted all the shops to buy a nice present for his girlfriend. (目的)为给他的女友买一件精美的礼物,他跑遍了所有的商店。I stayed up very late yesterday, preparing my speech. 小试牛刀试题(一)1. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A
30、. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 2. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 3. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have b
31、een told 4. I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island. A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time 5. _ at the door before entering, please. A. Knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock 6. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 7. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up
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