翻译常用的八种技巧.docx

1、翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。重译法有三个作用：一是为了

2、明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦是如此。如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。People use natural science

3、 to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often show themselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。如：1.Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as

4、 of admiration.无知是恐惧的根源，也是惊奇/敬佩的根源。2.I want to talk to you about the future, about our future together.我想和你谈谈未来，谈谈我们共同的未来。3.他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to t

5、he whole, and the whole Party to the Central Committee.4.但是我们换是有缺点的，而且还有很大的缺点。 But we still have defects, and very big ones.三、在汉译英时，往往还有下面两种情况：一是汉语重复，英译时也重复；二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法，以不同的表达方式进行重复，这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性，使译文渐入“雅”境。传达原文的生动性常使用的重复手段有单字的重复、词的重叠、四字对偶词组和两个四字词组。1.谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。Who knows that evry grain in t

6、he bowlIs the fruit of so much pain and toil?2.春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn,And everywhere the songs of birds resound.3.What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn.4.Dont fancy any longer. To you, he is absolutely a man of loyalty. 别再胡思乱想了， 他对你绝对

7、是一心一意的。5.He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.在危急情况下， 他从容不迫，镇定自若。For more exercises, refer to 翻译练习11 at p. 131132.第二节 增译法(amplification)定义： 为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语。增词的情况是各种各样的。总的规则是：为了使译文忠实传达原文，需要增加什么就增加什么。增词的情况大致归纳如下：1.增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语，但为了忠实传达原文信息，译文非增不可。请对比下面2句话中文的英译文：A.

8、 现在，我代表第十六届中央委员会向大会作报告。Now I would like to make a report to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on behalf of the 16th Central Committee.B. 抓住机遇，全面合作，共同发展。Seize the opportunity for all-round cooperation and common development.1）I am looking forward to the holidays. 我在等待假日

9、的到来。2) Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。增加重叠词表示复数3) It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。时间上的对比4）Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive.许多大作家的作品在他们活着的时候得不到人们的充分欣赏。5） A red sun rose slowly from t

10、he calm sea.一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。增加量词6）Lawrence bought a red Fiat last month. Lawrence上个月买了一辆红色菲亚特轿车。给读者提供背景知识7）老同志应支持中青年干部的工作，担负起传、帮、带的任务。Old veteran carders should support the young and middle-aged cardres in their work and take on the task of helping and guiding the latter and passing on experience to

11、them.8）三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.9) 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。A fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs the help of three other people.10) 班门弄斧Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 2.增加动词1)

12、具体内容见课本p.116. 1. 增加动词2)We wont retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。3)Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；节俭过度；即成贪婪。3.增加名词1）具体内容见课本p.116. 3. 增加名词2）Much of our morality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。3）没有眼睛向下的决心，是一辈子

13、也不会真正懂得中国的事情的。Unless a person in interested in turning his eyes downward and is determined to do so, he will never in his life really understand things in China.4.增加主谓结构The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time.我来北京的旅

14、途是漫长的。用里程衡量，它是漫长的。用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。5.增加定语1）具体内容见课本p.121. 11. 增加定语2）I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement.我不得不为你们所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。3）I can imagine the almost insuperable obstacles to the unity of a billion-odd people.我可以想象到要使10多亿人民团结起来将遇到的几乎不可克服的困难。6.增加状语或副词1）具体内容见课本p.117.2 增加副词2）Theory is somet

15、hing but practice is everything.理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。3）Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October.这之前，基辛格在7月和10月两度在那里下榻。4）中国政府将从本国国情出发，坚持以人为本、全面协调、可持续的科学发展观。Acting in line with the actual conditions of China, the Chinese government will adhere to the scientific concept of human-or

16、iented, all-round coordinated and sustainable development.7.增加语气词1）具体内容见课本p.119.6增加语气助词2）Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.他们的主人，（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）布菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）谈啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。概括8.增加代词1）没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no

17、 right to speak.2）小不忍则乱不大谋。If one is not patient in small thing, one will be able to control great venture.3）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can y

18、ou do your work well.9.增加连词：英汉互译，增加连词情况是常见的，因为英语的连词比汉语使用得多。见课本p115116.4增补表示逻辑关系的词语。1）虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go foreward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2）吃饭防噎，走路防跌。While eating, take heed that you do not choke; while walking, take heed that you do not fall.3）留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。4）送君千里，终有一别

19、。Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet the parting must come at last.5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。The magistrates are free to burn down houses while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.6）小不忍则乱不大谋。If one is not patient in small thing, one will be able to control great venture.第三节 减

20、译法(省略法omission)和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。把第二节中的例子倒译的话，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。在英语中，冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，使译文忠实而地道，符合汉语的表达习惯。1.Mr. Bingley was goo

21、d-looking and gentle-like. Mr. Bingley风度翩翩，彬彬有礼。2.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。3.A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.4.But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may

22、 be able to talk across it. 但是，虽然我们不能弥合双方之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭起一座桥梁，以便我们能够越过它进行会谈。5.我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。6.得寸进尺。If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.7.翻译练习9p.114第四节 词类转移法（conversion）定义：在翻译时， 由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中

23、的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情况也是千变万化的。重要的是，要知道在翻译实践中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯，可以改变词类。1.Ill take you at the turn. 你一转身我就要捉你。 （n.v.）2.I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. 我认为，智慧的要素在于尽可能地从此时此地的压制下解放出来。（n.v.）3.His sister is a gre

24、at liar.他妹妹老是说谎。（n.v.） 4.But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it. 但是，虽然我们不能弥合双方之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭起一座桥梁，以便我们能够越过它进行会谈。(prep. v.)5.Our age is witnessing a profound political change. 我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。（v.n）6.He was a frustrated man at t

25、hat time. 他那时已受挫折。（形动）7.The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries.贸易的巨增给两国带来了益处。（动+副形+名）8.We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.我们反对一切战争，特别是反对王朝战争。（系表结构+of动）9.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people o

26、f the old generation back 36 years ago.难怪老一辈的许多人见了这个就会想到36年前的往事。（名+of短语动宾结构）10.There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量已大大增加。（形+名副+动， 从句子结构看， 介词短语主语）11.Thousands of Chinese overseas have asked to be permitted to return to China,

27、but they have met with all sorts of unreasonable obstacles, which have prevented them from returning to their motherland.成千上万的中国侨民要求回国，但受到种种无理阻挠，以致不能回到祖国。（定状）12.林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must preceded by the destruction of the drug itsel

28、f. (副+动形+名；动名)13.“一定要少说空话，多做工作。”There must be less empty talk and more hard work. （副+动+宾形+主）14.在20世纪50年代初期，美帝企图征服朝鲜，从而进犯中国，但最后中朝军民打败了他们。 In the early 1950s, the U.S. imperialists tried to conquer Korea and thereby to invade China, but were finally defeated by the army and people of Korea and China.

29、(动宾结构主谓结构)15.全党同志一定要认识反腐败斗争的长期性、复杂性、艰巨性，把反腐倡廉建设放在更加突出的位置，旗帜鲜明地反对腐败。All Party members must be fully aware that fighting corruption will be a protracted, complicated and arduous battle, attach greater importance to combating corruption and upholding integrity and take a clear stand against corruption.

30、 (“长期性、复杂性、艰巨性”三个名词作形容词用的pp或形容词；“反对”介词against; “鲜明地”副词形容词clear; 增词battle;减词建设)16.请做课本142页的翻译练习12。第五节 词序调整法（inversion）词序调整法就是课本中p.149第六节的换序法。Inversion作为一种翻译技巧，其意思是，翻译时对词序做必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。它和语法上的倒装概念不一样。语法倒装一般是指主语与谓语或与谓语的一部分颠倒位置。某些语言学家所说的九种倒装，是语法概念，是指同一种语言内的倒装情况，右其各自独特的语言构成方式。这些情况与方式和它们被翻译成另一

31、种语言后的语言构成形式并非完全相同。是对比语法上的倒装例句的英文及其译文：1.Interrogative inversion（疑问倒装）What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做什么了？2.Imperative inversion（命令到装）“Speak you,”, said Mr. Black, “speak you, good fellow!” 布莱克先生命令道“说，说吧！伙计！”3.Exclamatory inversion（惊叹倒装）How dreadful is this place!这地方好可怕呀！4.Hypothetical inversion（假设倒装）5

32、.Balance inversion（平衡倒装）Through a gap came an elaborately described ray.从一个空洞透出一束精心设计的光线。6.Link inversion（衔接倒装）On this depends the whole argument.整个争论都以此为依据。7.Signpost inversion（点题倒装）By strategy is meant something wider.战略的意义比较广。8.Negative inversion（否定倒装）Not a word did he say.他只字未说。9.Metrical inversion（韵律倒装）在诗行中常用此倒装。如： As pants the hart for coolin