专业英语复习总结.docx

1、专业英语复习总结词组互译农作物crops粮食安全Food security粮食生产Grain/food production单产per unit area yield高产high yield优质high quality高效high efficient有机农业Organic agriculture转基因 n. Transgenosisa adj. transgenic基因工程genetic engineering杂交小麦Hybrid Wheat水稻rice ; paddy棉花Cotton玉米maize大豆Soybean花生groundnut油菜 rape高粱Sorghum谷子Millet向日葵S

2、unflower红薯Sweet potato马铃薯potato大麦barley西红柿tomato种子萌发Seed germination可持续发展sustainable development生物技术biotechnology光能sunlight energy化学能Chemical energy水分moisture content温度temperature氧气Oxygen光照illumination肥料Fertilizer免耕no-tillage种子生产Seed production中国种业China Seed Industry贮藏 Storage检验test粮食生产区Grain produc

3、tion area增加收入Increase revenue有机肥料Organic fertilizer种植面积plant area总产量total output合理灌溉Reasonable irrigation改善品质Improve quality杂草防治Weed control病虫害防治 disease and pest control抗病虫品种Resistant varieties光合作用PhotosynthesisSink source relationship 库源关系 Vernalization requirements 春化作用条件段落翻译4.1 The basis of all

4、crop growth and yield is photosynthesis, the process whereby sunlight energy is converted to chemical energy. Photosynthesis is the most important biological phenomenon on earth, the source of all primary energy for mankind. Photosynthesis, therefore, is the very essence of agriculture, the cornerst

5、one of food production.农作物的生长和生产的基础是把光能转化成化学能的光合作用。光合作用是地球上最重要的生物现象，是人类所有基础能源的源泉。因此，光合作用是农业的本质，是食物生产的基础。The site of photosynthesis is the chloroplasts. These are small pigmented bodies which stream around in the cytoplasm of the cells of leaves and other green tissue. The pigments are chlorophyll. G

6、enetic and environmental differences alter the relative amounts of chlorophyll and produce leaves which are dark green to yellow (no chlorophyll). Dark green leaves are preferred, but there is no evidence that dark green leaves have a higher photosynthetic ability than leaves less green. Immature le

7、aves may be yellow-green, presumably because chlorophyll synthesis is incomplete. If mineral nutrition is adequate, the leaf will become a darker green as it ages.光合作用的场所是叶绿体。叶绿体是在叶片细胞或其它绿色组织中穿行的色素小体。其中的色素是叶绿素。基因和环境变异改变叶绿素的相对含量，使叶片从深绿色变成黄色（不含叶绿素）。植物更偏爱深绿色叶片，但没有证据证明深绿色叶片比浅绿色叶片光合作用能力更强。未发育成熟的叶片可能会是黄绿色

8、，大概是由于叶绿素合成不完全的原因。如果矿质元素充足，叶片会随着叶龄增长变成更深的绿色。It may come as a surprise to many to learn that photosynthesis proceeds with an efficiency of about only 1%. This means that of the total visible radiation striking plants, only 1% is converted to chemical energy. The reason are related to poor sunlight in

9、terception, carbon dioxide deficiencies, water stress, deficiencies in mineral nutrition, extremes in temperature, poor cultural practices, inadequate pest and disease control, and other factors. An aim of crop production is to reduce or eliminate the limiting factors of photosynthesis. 了解到光合作用仅以1%的

10、效率进行，可能会使很多人吃惊。这意味着照射到植物上的总的光辐射中，只有1%的光能转化成了化学能。其原因和低效率拦截光，二氧化碳不足，水胁迫，矿质营养缺乏，极端温度，拙劣的栽培技术，不适当的病虫害防治，以及其它因素。农作物生产的目的是减少或消除限制光合作用的因素。Higher photosynthetic efficiency is possible but very difficult to obtain on a field basis, where many factors are beyond our direct control. An upper limit of photosynt

11、hetic efficiency of 20% was calculated on a purely theoretical basis, but an efficiency of greater than 6% can not be expected under field conditions. Efficiencies of 2.0% to 6.0% have been reported for wheat and rice crops.更高的光合作用效率是可能的，但在超出我们直接控制之内的许多因素的田中是很难获得的。20%的光合作用效率上限是在纯理论的基础上计算的，但是在田间环境下高过

12、6%的效率即不可及。2.0%到6.0%的效率曾被报道见诸于小麦和大米作物中。The endosperm of cereal seeds serves as the food or energy supply from the time the seed begins to germinate until the coleoptile emerges from the soil and the first leaf begins to photosynthesize. Under ideal warm, moist conditions, the coleoptile will emerge w

13、ithin four or five days after seedling, but under cool or dry conditions, two weeks or longer may be required. The sooner the seedling emerges from the soil, the sooner photosynthesis can begin to feed the plant.从种子开始发芽直到胚芽鞘突出土壤和第一片叶子开始进行光合作用，谷类种子的胚乳一直在像食物一样提供能源。在理想的温度和湿度条件下，胚芽鞘将在播种后四五天出现。但在寒冷或干燥的情况

14、下，则可能需要两周或更长的时间。从土壤中出现的幼苗越快，光合作用为植株提供营养越快。4.2 Genetic improvement, by conventional breeding or biotechnology, depends upon access to germplasm that may be screened in the search for promising or desirable traits. The greater the diversity of the germplasm, the more likely the search will be successf

15、ul. Some traits may be found in previously bred lines but often, particularly for such traits as pest and disease resistance, they are to be found in wild relatives.遗传改良，通过常规育种或生物技术筛选在寻找有前途或理想的性状时获得的种质资源。种质资源的多样性越大，搜索成功的可能性越大。一些性状可以在以前培育的线路中发现，但通常，特别是对这些性状的害虫和抗病能力，他们被发现在野生的亲戚。4.4 In many parts of th

16、e world there is a deficiency of soil water for crop production for part or all of the year and agriculture is dependent to certain degree on irrigation. In semi-arid regimes irrigation is generally to extend cultivation, increase yields and to ensure against high rainfall variability. In humid area

17、s supplemental irrigation is used to overcome soil water deficits that may occur at critical periods during crop growth. 在世界上的很多地方，农业生产或多或少都有土壤水分不足的现象，农业在一定程度上依赖于灌溉。在半干旱的情况下灌溉可以延长种植时间，增加产量，保证高降雨的变化。在湿润的地区，补充灌溉用来解决可能出现在作物生长的关键时期土壤水分不足的问题。Irrigation, in the strict sense, has been defined as the transp

18、ort of water from a water source to land where there is a lack or deficit of water for agricultural purposes; and desert land can be defined as that on which crop production is not possible without irrigation. The tropical and subtropical deserts occupy about one sixth of the earths surface. These a

19、re areas where, because of clear cloudless skies and high insolation rates, potential annual photosynthesis is at a maximum. Also, the annual temperature regime is to allow a year- long thermal growing season. Potential agricultural productivity, given an assured supply of water, is considerable as

20、is demonstrated in areas formerly and currently irrigated; and yields are much higher than those from dry rain-fed land under similar climate and soil regimes.严格意义上的灌溉，被定义为把水从水源运输到农业用途水分缺乏或不足的土地，沙漠的土地可以被定义为不灌溉的作物生产是不可能的。热带和亚热带沙漠占据了大约六分之一的地球表面。这些地方，因为晴朗无云的天空和高辐射率，每年潜在的光合作用是在最大。此外，每年的温度制度是允许一年的热生长季节。在

21、以前和目前灌溉的地区，给予了保证的水供应，潜在的农业生产力是相当大的，并在类似的气候和土壤条件下产量比那些从干旱雨养的土地高。While irrigation, probably more than any other factor, has contributed to the manipulation and to the increase of the productive potential of agriculture systems, it has done and continues to do so at high economic, and often high social

22、 cost. More water is transpired per unit crop yield in arid than in temperate climates and the direct and indirect costs of supplying irrigation water can, particularly in tropical arid and semi-arid regions, make it too expensive for the production of staple food crops. 在干旱地区比温带气候单位面积产量蒸发更多的水和更多的直接

23、和间接的灌溉用水的费用。特别是在热带干旱和半干旱地区，用于主食作物的生产花费更多。4.5 Agricultural plants may perform a variety of functions, including the provision of shelter for Man, animals and other plants, the control of soil erosion, to serve amenity purposes (lawns, flowers, trees and shrubs) and to increase soil fertility (e.g. by

24、 adding organic matter from senescent leaves and roots or nitrogen from decaying legume nodules). 农作物可以执行多种功能，包括给人，动物和其他植物提供庇护，土壤侵蚀控制，舒适的环境的目的（草坪、花卉、树木和灌木），增加土壤肥力（例如从衰老叶片和根系或豆科植物根瘤中的氮添加有机物）。The major crop production systems, however, are designed to produce food for direct human consumption, feed fo

25、r animals, fibre for fuel, construction or manufacturing, and a miscellaneous group of products such as tobacco, perfumes and drugs.主要的作物生产系统，无论如何都是为了生产直接人类消费的食品，动物饲料，纤维燃料，建筑或制造业，以及各种各样的产品，如烟草，香水和药品。It has been estimated (Duckham et al., 1976) that only 2.8 % of the possible world potential net phot

26、osynthate is actually formed in world farming, because less than half of the worlds cultivable land is cultivated, only70% of this bears a crop in any one year and only 70 % of the growing season is actually used. 据估计（达卡姆等人.，1976），世界潜在的净光合速率只有2.8%的可能是世界农业形成的，因为世界上只有不到一半的耕地被种植，70%的一年一收作物在任何一年，只有70%的生

27、长季节是被实际使用。About 22 % of the potential net photosynthate is therefore used in the production of human food and the difference between this figure and the final 2.8% is reckoned to be due to losses, bad husbandry, weather uncertainty and inadequate crop canopies. There are further losses in harvesting

28、, processing, storage, distribution and within the consuming household.约22%的潜在净光合速率是用于制造人类食品，这一数字与最终的2.8%之间的差异被认为是由于畜牧业生产损失，天气的不确定性和作物冠层的不足。在收获、加工、储存、分配和家庭消费中有进一步的损失。4.8 Organic farming took on a new lease of life during the 1980s around the world. The problems of overproduction in the industrialize

29、d countries, underproduction in developing countries and the environmental impact of agriculture have concentrated minds. The effect can be seen not only in the range of policies which give greater weight to environmental considerations, but also in the growth of the organic movement and the market

30、for organically produced food.有机农业有了一个新的生命在上世纪80年代在世界各地。在工业化国家的生产过剩的问题，在发展中国家，生产力不足和环境影响是集中出现的问题。这种效应不仅可以看到在增长的有机食品和有机食品的市场环境的考虑政策范围侧重的更多。The United States Department of Agriculture has framed a handy definition of organic farming which, although it misses out some important aspects, provides a desc

31、ription of the key practices.美国农业部已经制定了一个简便的有机农业的定义，虽然它遗漏了一些重要的方面，但是提供了一个描述的关键做法。Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, organi

32、c farming systems rely on crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, and on biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and other pests.有机农业是一种生产系统，它避免或很大程度上不使用包括综合复合肥料、农药、生长调节剂和家畜饲料添加剂。在可行的最大限度，有机农业系统依靠作物轮作，作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、豆类、绿肥、农业有机废弃物，在害虫生物防治保持土壤生产力和耕性，供给植物养分和控制害虫，杂草及其他有害生物。Several factors have come together in recent years which highlight the necessity for a fundamental review and revision o