翻译.docx

1、翻译新东方flash翻译强化班加冲刺班笔记考研英语翻译强化班主讲：张建宇英语学习的三个层次： interpretation 解释，理解 inter- eg. international 国际的 transcription 改写；听抄 tran- 改变 translation 翻译注意：1、考研翻译主要是考理解 2、把题目忠实、通顺的写成中文翻译的实质：对语言进行编码和重新再编码；涉及到两种语言之间意群的编码和重新再编码。考研翻译和考研阅读的区别： 1、阅读是被动技能；翻译是主动技能 2、翻译的词汇深度远大于阅读 eg. develop 发展；资源的开发；养成某种习惯；得病 3、翻译是一个使用英

2、语语言能力的平台翻译的标准： 1. faithfulness 信（忠诚） 2. expressiveness 达（达意） 3. gracefulness 雅（优雅）考研翻译的标准：忠实、通顺For example： Of study（论读书）Of study, study serves for delight, for ornament and for ability.（读书可以怡情，可以博采，可以长才。）of 所要谈论的是. study 指学习的一种具体形式，即读书of study 论读书 delight 高兴、愉快ornament 装饰、修饰 ability 能力、才能、才干读书可以使人高

3、兴；读书可以装饰某人，充实某人；读书可以提升某人的能力，增长某人的才干。翻译的三大译法：一、直译 字对字的翻译（literary translation） 占考研翻译中80%的题目 eg. Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 to add fuel to the fire 火上浇油。二、意译 (free translation) 完全抛开原句的句子结构去翻译 eg. A: Will you attend the meeting this afternoon? 你参加今天下午的会吗？ B: Will a duck swim? 我一定去。 注意：意译在考研英语翻译

4、中占20%。翻译举例：1） Milk Way 错误译法：牛奶路 正确译法：银河2） 错误译法 ：Five Talks and Four Beauties 本意：五讲四美3）In a society, while womens are light and mans are heavy. 本意：这个社会是个重男轻女的社会。4）本意：挤牛奶 错误译法：1. 死译：squeeze milk 2. 意译：persuade the cow to give milk5）On a beach., the Brazilians talk, read and joke whatever they want abo

5、ut the naked affairs at ease.错误译文：在海滩上甚至大街上，你能看到几乎全裸的人们在从容不迫地干着他们想干的事情。三、 音译 eg. sofa沙发 modern摩登 Coca Cola可口可乐 商标：Canon佳能（本意：大炮） Dove 德芙（本意：鸽子）翻译的重要性：不能放弃考研翻译的三大理由： 1. 从考试战略来说，有可能是至关重要的 2. 翻译和阅读相得益彰、相互促进。 3. 考验翻译可以提高的三大特点 (1) 考点固定 (2) 技巧有限 (3) 文章体裁固定 有利点：考研翻译判分为分段判分考研翻译的难点及对策：1. 阅读能力差原因：(1) 词汇深度不够 e

6、g. elegant system 完美的、完善的系统（elegant优雅的） eg. Last night I heard you driving pigs to the market. 译文：昨天晚上我听见你鼾声如雷。 对策：背单词的方法：（a）把集中记单词的时间拆开，每次背个十分钟，加起来够一个小时就可以了。早上醒来看一遍，理解单词的标志是看到脑中产生的是场景。 （b）拿词汇书背单词的误区。上下词是连起来记忆的，只记住了词形没有记住词义，最好找代表例句来记忆。 （c）动力不足。 （d）最后一个小技巧：睡觉之前背一些单词：dream horse 梦中情人。先记核心词汇，然后再记扩充词汇 背

7、单词的方法dream horse（梦中情人）2.语法问题 1）名词性从句。包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。 2）定语从句 。注意区分定语从句和名词性从句。 3）分词。包括过去分词和现在分词，主要看分词的被动和主动。4）被动语态。对于翻译能力的提高不要着急。每个星期坚持翻译一两句话。考研翻译整体课程内容核心的介绍：一、考研翻译的考点。 1、句法类考点1）、定语从句 2）、名词性从句 3）、状语从句 4）、被动语态 2、词法类考点1）、分词 2）、代词 3）、固定词和短语的翻译二、考研翻译最基本的五种翻译技巧 1、分拆：把原句化整为零，按意群切分。 2、倒置：按中文顺序颠倒原文的意群。 3、重

8、组：脱离原文的句子结构，重新组织译文。 4、增词法和减词法：根据需要来增减词。 5、词类转译：某些词的词性会产生变换，比如将英文中的介词转译成动词。三、技巧和考点的关系：技巧围着考点转四、考研翻译的程序 1、划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。 2、缕关系，定词义，按意群翻译。 3、按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文达 4、重组合，删多余，核对和检查。五、考研翻译的时间 翻译的时间在正式的考试中不要超过25分钟。 在有限的时间里要注意文章的第一句话。 当待翻译的原文中出现指示代词的时候，要看这一句的前一句或几句话。定语从句的翻译定语从句就是起定语作用的从句。代词主要有which,that,who

9、,where等等。 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类。 通常在翻译时，限定性定语从句就是把定语前置；非限定性定语从句通常要独立成句。 定语从句表示原因，结果，转折等等状语关系的意思，翻译时要把这种关系表达出来。 定语从句的译法有三种：前置定语，独立成句，译成状语从句。 定语从句在翻译时由于信息量复杂，通常都是把定语从句从原句中解放出来，译成一个具有表达能力的独立叙述结构。一、定语从句的前置一）（1995真题）All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relev

10、ant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is inter

11、preted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.1、划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。2、捋关系，定词义，按意群翻译。 prediction：预测，推测 validate：证实，证明 how well：多大程度上3、按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文表达。amount：数量 reliability：可靠性 importance：重要性approp

12、riateness：合适性，适宜性 appropriate：拨款 v.information used：翻译时要将定语前置“名词 of 名词”结构的译法：后面的名词整个作为前面名词的定语。city of Beijing：北京城，北京市depend upon: 取决于4、重组合，删多余，核对和检查。二）(2002真题) It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and d

13、ignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsib

14、ility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning values. Who will use a technology and to what ends?指代问题：theyFreedom and dignitydignity：尊严 possess：拥有，占有 possessions：财富 possessive：支配权，控制权A man can be destroyed, but he can never be defeated.self-governing：自我管理 autonomo

15、us region：自治区要把“they”指代的内容翻译出来。autonomous man：自主人；具有自治能力的人essential：extremely important and necessary in order to do something correctly必不可少hold responsible for：对负责； credit：信任；信用；声望、名誉；赞扬、赞赏achievement：成绩、效果64)自由和尊严是传统理论所认定的自主人的财富，他们对于那种要求人对他的行为负责并且根据他的成绩给予赞扬的做法来说是必不可少的。 标准答案：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的，自主人所拥有的，是

16、要求一个人对自己的行为负责任并且因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。三）（1999真题）Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discip

17、line as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.指代：it指代technicist fallacyf

18、allacy：谬误、错误 traditional historians：传统的历史学家 view sth. as sth.：把视为 external：外部的 internal：内部的criticism：(中性词)the action of giving you option about sb. or sth.评论、评价sources：史料 apply to：存在于第一意群：这种谬误同样适用于那些把历史仅仅视为是对史料来源的内部外部评论的传统历史学家们。social science historians：社会科学历史学家 equate：把与相等同 equation：方程式、等式 techniqu

19、e：技术、技巧第二意群：这种谬误同样存在于那些把他们的研究活动等同于具体技巧研究的社会科学历史学家们。标准答案：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派。前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论；后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。四）（1996真题）Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to

20、alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific

21、 establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.when：当时The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.（见94年考研真题Passage4第3段第2句）冲刺班笔记：2003年英译汉试题Directions: Read the following text carefully

22、 and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61)

23、 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the kno

24、wledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.Anthropology derives from the Greek words anthropos human and logos the study of. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all human

25、kind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science

26、disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discip

27、line which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analy

28、ses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as . that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities

29、and habits acquired by man as a member of society. This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylers definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anthropolog

30、ical concept of culture, like the concept of set in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own

31、 peculiar ideas and fancies.第一个考点：in which如何去译第二个考点：subject如何去译furthermore：表示递进关系，可译成此外、甚至、更进一步来说、并且、不仅仅如此等。不可译成确切地说、不久的将来。modify：修改，修饰，改变。定语从句的三种基本翻译思路：1、前置2、独立成句3、翻成状语从句句子翻译：此外，人类有能力去改变自身居住的环境。thus：表示因果的副词，因此。subjectto：使服从于subject A to B：使A服从于B（重点记忆）peculiar：奇特的，独特的。idea：观点，看法，想法，理念fancy：幻想，想象，同义词fantasyfinal fantasy：最终幻想、fantasy强调想象的事物。句子翻译：因此就使得所有其他的生命形式都服从于她们自己这种奇特的想法和想象。整句翻译：此外，人类有能力改变自身居住的环境，因此就因此就使得所有其他的生命形式都服从于她们自己这种奇特的想法和想象。62) Social science