阅读理解技巧.docx

1、阅读理解技巧大家好，欢迎来到小y说课，我是来自英语组的杨洋。话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分，都说汉武帝斩白蛇而起义，光武中兴，传至献帝，遂分三国，之后无论是刺董卓还是折袁绍，烧新野还是淹麦城，七星祭风，三江纵火，六出祁连，七擒孟获，都让那百年的历史跌宕起伏，风起云涌。回首往事，总是会有几多欢喜几多愁，总会有人功成名就，却总也有人沦为阶下囚。来大家想一想这是为什么呢？是失败者不够努力么？大家说的都有道理如何成功是一个人们自古就追求的话题，很多人说，勤奋是最重要的，而在我看来选择的方法和方向却更重要。没有正确的方向，可能所有的努力都只是在原地打转，没有好的方法可能，要走太多太多的弯路。历史如此，

2、于今日，学习亦是如此。下面就让我们进入今天的关于阅读方法的专题：首先让我们来看一下在考试中阅读所占的分量，1 阅读想来是英语考试中的重点：高考：150分考卷，阅读占20题4篇文章每篇5题40分，完型20题20分，阅读表达题15分，总共占总分的75分。50%中考：听力20笔试90，阅读26分，完型10分，阅读表达5分，总共占总分的41分。45.6%从图表，我们可以很清晰的看到，阅读对于一次英语考试的重要性。所以有了得阅读者得天下的说法。虽然阅读很重要，但是很多同学对于阅读却非常畏惧，拿到阅读的题目就感觉很不耐烦，没有信心。2 难点：2.1 觉得有语言障碍，觉得自己不能读懂文章做对题目；2.2 对

3、于英语的较长文章有畏惧感，怕麻烦；2.3 觉得英语是文科，不喜欢文科的内容，偏见（主要是男生，觉得英语是文科，一种潜在偏见）。3 态度：排除厌学情绪，以快乐的心态面对考试阅读是一种以英语为载体的逻辑，一种更形象的逻辑游戏，只要能把握出题者的逻辑意图，就能将游戏玩好。4 对于阅读题型和做题方法的把握：4.1题型4.1.1主旨大意：要能够概括作者写作意图What is the purpose of the text?What does the author mainly tell US about in the passage?What is the general idea/main idea

4、of the text?The passage mainly focuses on ?What is the best title of the text/for the article?The best title for this passage is?The text is mainly written to explain.文章首尾部分是主旨大意题的关键：文章的主旨大意多出现在第一段，甚至第一段的前几句，最后一段多与第一段呼应；至于中间的部分，多是论据或说明文的展开部。Its not the flashiest car in the worldNot even closeBut in

5、the 1971 Volkswagen named Helios can do something most cars cant：run on solar energy-energy from the suns light and heat!What would be the best title for the text?AThe Making of HeliosB1999 American Tour on the RoadCSun-powered Cars On the RoadDUse of Green Cars in Connection 段落的构成有其内在的规律，其中心思想往往是通过

6、段落中的主题句来体现的。因此了解并掌握这些规律，迅速找出主题句，从而抓住中心思想对于提高阅读理解能力大有益处。4.1.11 首句是主题句的规律给予例证、解释或说明的段落；作比较或对比的段落；表明原因和结果的段落。主题句是首句的段落总是以概述开段，随之辅以细说。例：People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better, s

7、ays Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking

8、have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster.本段的首句是主题句，其后的句子或是解释说明“对植物说话或唱歌有益于植物”，或是为这一主题思想提供论据。本段的结尾句呼应主题句，在给予主题思想又一论据的同时，幽默地收尾。4.1.12 段落尾句是主题句的规律阐述一个不常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落。尾句是主题句的段落总是先表述细节或交代论据，最后以总结性的句子收尾

9、。这是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性的过程。例：If you hadnt known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride (坚定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they really were. Both of th

10、em wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little thing

11、s that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.这段文字从乔与吉姆两个人相像和不同的细节叙述，最后一句作了归纳总结：这两人表面相似，但实质极不相同。4.1.13 段落中间句是主题句的规律这样段落先给出一两个例证之后，作出概括性的总结，然后根据这一结论再给予例证来证实其论点。例：When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a p

12、oint where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet (子弹) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of se

13、venteen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down.本段文字中间划线的这句话是主题句。其行文顺序与写作方法与上述的发展程序完全吻合。4.1.2事实细节：（注意文中意思的延伸）The meaning of the word/sentence in Paragraph X is related to?In Paragraph X, X X X can be replaced by?Th

14、e underlined word X /sentence in Paragraph X probably mean.Which of the following statements is true?读者必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等。对于这类细节性的问题，多数文章都比较明显地提供了事实和细节，其答案必定在文章论述范围之内。读者应该找出文章中为所作的选择提供依据的单词和句子，而不能脱离原文去获取信息，也不能仓促地作出没有原文根据的假设。细读使读者能够接受信息、记忆信息、分析信息，从而较深入地领会一篇文章。这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法。4.1.1.1 问句式W

15、hich of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?How did something happen?Which of the following people should(not) do it?Which of the following did somebody have to deal with. ?Where should somebody do something?在解这类题时，可采用“对号入座”的办法，先看问题，再看文章，注意记忆关键的词语，如：人物、时间、事件等。Cattle have served humanity since

16、 prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齿龈). Co

17、ws swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in their.Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen?A. The first stomach compartment.B. The name of the upper jaw.C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place.D. The nam

18、e of the bacteria(细菌) in the cows stomach.带着发问中心及选择项目阅读原文。当我们读到rumen这个词时，可在它下面画一横线，紧接此词下面一句“first of the four compartments in their stomachs”，正是解释rumen的，可在它的下面画一虚线并可标出题号和选择项。4.1.1.2 不完整的陈述句式Something can be best classified as.A certain kind of person is someone who .People are looking for better way

19、s to .According to the author,“it”was caused by.这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大，要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联系。4.1.1.3 排除式Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is TRUE?Which of the following is NOT listed in . ?Which of the following is NOT included in the passage?做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的选项，牢记

20、各个选项所阐述的不同内容，然后阅读原文。Life on LandLife on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals coul

21、d have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.The first plants to exist out o

22、f the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.Which of the following is TRUE?A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest pla

23、nt on land.C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.这是一道事实询问题。需要把短文第一段首句“Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago”和短文第二段首句“The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae”联系起来考虑，正确答案为A。B、C、D三项与短文内容均

24、不符，应排除。4.1.3推理判断:逻辑推理What can we infer from the passage?What can be inferred from the passage?It can be concluded from the text that ?What can we learn from the text?What is the main subject discussed in the text?It can be inferred from the passage that?It can be inferred from the that the author se

25、ems to?What can we infer from the last/the first two paragraphs?在事实细节的基础上做出的推测（逻辑能力中阐述）4.2主要做题步骤1、看题型；2、知道要问什么细节，要推理什么（关键词）；3、带着圏划细读文章；4、迅速回顾文章所讲内容，完成题目。4.3三大能力：4.3.1猜词法：4.3.1.1 根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断：前面加前缀(prefix)，或在后面加后缀(suffix)，从而构成一个词。例：Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, Anaclerio said, an

26、d theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。4.3.1.2 根据上下文解释作出判断：一个需猜测的词，下面接着出现其解释，这就是主要依据。例：Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety ofchoicesdeluxe seda

27、ns, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourite.从前面的Car Rental Center可知出租车公司提供的只能是cars for rent(出租汽车)，也就是说划线的词都是出租汽车的名称。4.3.1.3 根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物。例如：However, the question that moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing numbe

28、r of scientists are seriously thinking about it.首先，it指上句中的the question，而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题，所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。4.3.1.4 根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。请看下例：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle；it call b

29、e a basket of fun。从上下句可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义，也就是a situation causing difficulty or trouble。4.3.1.5 根据因果关系进行判断：俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our icecream and frozen foods melted根据因果关系，停电只能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品“融化”，也就是melted。4.3.1.6 根据同

30、位关系进行判断：阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面就跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，有时这种解释也用连词“or”连接。例如：，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples， who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or old English)，a Germanic language其中old English，a Germanic language都是解释AngloSaxon的。4.3.2长句分析长句往往是初学者在阅读理解中的拦路虎。倘若初学者具备准确找出长句的核心的能力，那么这只拦路虎也就变成了纸老虎，一点也不可怕了。所谓句

31、子的核心(the core of a sentence)，就是指句子最主要的成分：主语、谓语动词及其宾语或表语。通过要素分析句子时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、何物(what)、数量(how many/much)及结果(what result)等。例：Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的台阶) out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Math

32、ematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province.分析过程的演示：句子的核心：studentsclimbedway句子的一系列细节：How many：twenty out of four millionWhat result: to the top rungWhat thing: the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics ContestDoing what: taking part in the. ContestWhen: Tuesday eveningWhere: Jintan County, Jiangsu Province抓