环境工程专业英语分析解析.docx

1、环境工程专业英语分析解析 Chapter 1 Environmental Issue环境问题 Chapter 2 Ecosystems生态学 Chapter 3 Cycling of Mineral Nutrients矿物质循环 Chapter 4 Environmental Engineering and Enginee环境工程与工程师 Chapter 5 Air Pollution空气污染 Chapter 6 Air Pollution ControlParticulate Control空气污染的控制颗粒物控制 Chapter 7 Air Pollution ControlGaseous

2、 Pollutants Controls 空气污染的控制气体污染物的控制Chapter 8 Integrated Solid Waste Management 综合固体废物处理 Chapter 9 The Unit Operations and Processes Used for the Separation and Processing of Waste Materials 废物分离和处理的单元操作与工艺 Chapter 10 Hazardous Chemical Waste Management 有害化学废物的处理 Chapter 11 Introduction to Environme

3、ntal Impact Assessment环境影响评价简介 Chapter 12 Environmental Impact Assessment 环境影响评价 Chapter 13 Noise and Noise Control噪声与噪声控制 Chapter 15 Environmental Chemical Analysis 环境化学分析 Chapter 16 Water, Water Cycle and Sustainable Management水、水循环以及持续管理 Chapter 17 Water Supply供水 Chapter 18 Wastewater Collection

4、Systems废水收集系统 Chapter 19 Waste Water Engineering废水工程 Chapter 20 Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods, and Implementation 废水处理目标，方法和实施 Chapter 21 Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 污水处理厂设计简介 Chapter 22 Wastewater Treatment废水处理 Chapter 23 Biological Nutrient Removal生物营养物去除 Chapter 2

5、4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 高级废水处理 Chapter 25 Sludge Treatment and Disposal 污泥处理与处置 5.1 Definition of Air Pollution（空气污染的定义） Air pollution can be defined as the presence in the the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants (pollutants) 空气污染可以定义为存在于室外大气中的一种或多种污染物 in such quantities and of su

6、ch duration as may be (or may tend to be) injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or to property (materials),其数量和持续时间已达到（或将会） 危害人类、植物、动物生命以及财产的程度or which may unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, or the conduct of business. （或妨碍人们对生活财产的舒适享受或影响商业活动。） It should

7、be stressed that the attention in this definition is on the outdoor, or ambient, air, as opposed to the indoor, or work environment, air. （应该强调的是这个定义所关注的是室外或周围环境、空气，而不是室内或工作环境、空气。） This definition mentions the quantity or concentration of the contaminant in the atmosphere, and its associated duratio

8、n or period of occurrence. 这个定义提及大气中污染物的数量和浓度，它与事件发生 的持续时间或时段相联系。 5.2 Sources of Air Pollutants （空气污染物的来源） Air pollutant sources can be categorized from several perspectives, including the type of source, their frequency of occurrenceand spatial distribution, and the types of emissions. （空气污染物的来源可以从

9、多方面进行划分， 包括来源的类型、发生频率、空间分布和传播类型。） Natural sources” include plant pollens, windblown dust, volcanic eruptions, and lightning-generated forest fires. （“自然源”包括植物花粉、风吹扬尘、火山喷发、闪电产 生的森林火灾。） “Man-made sources” can include transportation vehicles, industrial processes, power plants, construction activities,

10、 and military training activities. （“人为源”包括交通车辆、工业过程、发电厂、建筑活动 和军事训练活动。） Sources characterization according to spatial distribution can be categorized as stationary sources and mobile sources. （根据空间分布，来源特征可分为固定源和移动源。 Stationary sources are those that have a relatively fixed location. These include po

11、int sources, fugitive sources, and area sources. （固定源有相对固定的位置，包括点源、线源和面源。） Point sources are stationary sources that emit air pollutants from one or more controllable sites, such as smokestacks of power plants at industrial sites. （点源是从一个或多个可控制点散发空气污染物的固定 源，例如工业基地上发电厂的烟囱。） Fugitive sources are types

12、 of stationary sources that generate air pollutants from open areas exposed to wind process,（线源是从暴露于风中的开发区域散发空气污染 物的固定源，） examples include dirt roads, construction sites, farmlands, storage piles, surface mines, and other exposed areas from which particulates may be moved by wind.（例如肮脏的道 路、建筑工地、农场、储

13、物堆、露天矿以及其他的颗粒可 随风移动的暴露区域。） Area sources are locations from which air pollutants areemitted from a well-defined area within which are several sources,（面源是指空气污染物从一个广泛定义的 区域传播，其中含有多种污染源。） Mobile sources are emitters of air pollutants that move from place to place while yielding emissions.These include

14、automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, ships, and trains. （移动源是指空气污染物的传播从一个地方到另一个地 方，包括汽车、卡车、公共汽车、飞机、轮船和火车。） 5.3 General Effects of Air Pollution （空气污染的主要影响） Air pollution has considerable effects on many aspects of our environment: visually aesthetic resources, vegetation, animals, soils, water qual

15、ity, natural and artificial structures, and human health.（空气污染对于我 们环境的许多方面都有巨大的影响：视觉审美、植被、动 物、土壤、水质、自然和人为建筑，以及人类健康。） 5.4 General Description of the Air Pollutants （空气污染物的描述） The air pollutants can also be grouped into two categories: primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. （空气污染物可以分为两类：一次空气污染物和

16、二次空气 污染物。） Primary pollutants are those emitted directly into the air. （一次空气污染物直接向空气中排放。） They include particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. （一次空气污染物包括颗粒物、SO2、CO、氮氧化物和碳 氢化合物。） Secondary pollutants are pollutants produced through reactions between primary p

17、ollutants and normal atmospheric compounds.（二次空气污染物是通过一次 空气污染物与通常的大气化合物进行反应所生成。） For example, ozone forms over urban areas through reactions of primary pollutants, sunlight, and natural atmospheric gases.（例如，城市上空的臭氧是通过一次 污染物、光照和自然大气反应生成。） Secondary pollutants are pollutants produced through reaction

18、s between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds.（二次空气污染物是通过一次 空气污染物与通常的大气化合物进行反应所生成。） For example, ozone forms over urban areas through reactions of primary pollutants, sunlight, and natural atmospheric gases.（例如，城市上空的臭氧是通过一次 污染物、光照和自然大气反应生成。） Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)硫化氢 Hydrogen Fluorid

19、e (HF)氟化氢 Other Hazardous Gases其他有害气体 Particulate Matter颗粒物质 Asbestos石棉 Lead铅 Chapter 6 Air Pollution Control Particulate Controls （空气污染控制颗粒物的控制） 6.1 Particulate Collection Mechanisms （颗粒收集机理） The six available mechanisms for collecting particles （颗粒物捕集，有6种可行的机理，） may be classified as gravitational

20、settling, centrifugal impaction, inertial impaction, direct interception, diffusion, and the electrostatic effects. 分别是重力沉降、离心沉降、惯性沉降、直接拦截、 扩散以及静电作用。 Agglomeration is another mechanism to improve collection efficiency. （凝聚作用是提高捕集效率的另一种机理。） With this technique, the average particle size is increased,

21、 so that collectors downstream will have a better chance of removing the pollutant. （利用这一技术，颗粒的平均尺寸得以增加， 收集器下部能够更好地去除污染物。） 6.2 Particulate Control Equipment （颗粒控制设备） dust loadings颗粒负荷；灰尘负荷 Following are the five basic classes of particulate collection equipment: （以下是颗粒捕集装置的五种基本类型：） Gravity settling

22、chambers. 重力沉降室 Cyclone (centrifugal) separators. 旋风（离心）分离器 Wet collectors. 湿式收集器 Fabric filters. 纤维过滤器 Gravity Settling Chamber 重力沉降室 A gravity settling is simply a long chamber through which the contaminated gas passes slowly, allowing time for the particles to settle by gravity to the bottom. （重力

23、沉降室仅是一个长形的盒子，受污染的气体缓缓通 过。随着时间，颗粒由重力作用沉到底部。） It is an old, unsophisticated device that must be cleaned manually at regular intervals.（这是一个老式的、低级的 装置，必须要定期地人工清洗。） Electrostatic precipitators. 静电沉降器 Cyclone Separators旋风分离器 Cyclone separators are gas cleaning devices that employ a centrifugal force gene

24、rated by a spinning gas stream to separate the particulate matter ( solid or liquid ) from the carrier gas. 旋风分离器是一种气体清洁设备，采用离心力，通过旋转 气流将颗粒物（固体或液体）从载气中分离。 Electrostatic Precipitators静电沉降器 The electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) is like a gravity settler or centrifugal separator, but electrostatic for

25、ce drives the particles to the wall. （静电沉降器就像重力分离器或离心分离器，但静电作用 使得颗粒驱向四壁。） It is effective on much smaller particles than the previous two devices.（比起前两种设备，它对小颗粒更有效。） Dividing Collection Devices分离捕集装置 Filters过滤器 Filtration is one of the oldest and most widely used methods of separating particulate fr

26、om a carrier gas.（过滤是一 种最古老、最广泛使用的方法，用来从载气中分离颗粒。） A filter generally is any porous structure composed of granular or fibrous material which tends to retain the particulate as the carrier gas passes through the voids of the filter.（过滤器通常是由粒状或纤维状物质组成的多孔 结构，当载气穿过过滤器的空间时颗粒就被截留。） Wet Collectors湿式除尘器 In t

27、he wet collector a liquid, usually water, is used to capture particulate dust or to increase the size of aerosols. （在湿式除尘器中，液体，通常是水，用来捕捉颗粒灰尘 或增加浮质尺寸。） Spray chamber scrubbers喷雾塔洗涤器 Cyclonic scrubbers旋风洗涤器 Chapter 7 Air Pollution Control Gaseous Pollutants Controls空气污染控制气体污染物的控制Gaseous pollutants ori

28、ginate from many industrial processes and may be either organic ( i. e., volatile organic compounds ), or inorganic ( i. e., nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides ) in composition.空气污染物起源于许多工业过程，在成分组成上也许是有机的（如：挥发性有机化合物）或是无机的（如：氮氧化物或硫氧化物）。Fllowing characterization of the emission stream, the first priorit

29、y in pollution control is to investigate source and process reduction measures.（随着释放烟流的特征，在污染控制方面的首要任务是调查污染源和工艺消减措施。）Conventional gaseous pollutants control techniques include absorption, adsorption, condensation, flaring, and incineration.（传统的气体污染物控制技术包括吸收、吸附、浓缩、燃烧和焚化。）7.1 Absorption吸收Air pollution

30、 control by absorption is the process wherebyone or more gaseous contaminants are selectively dissolvedinto a relatively nonvolatile liquid.由吸收来控制空气污染是这样一种过程，一种或多种气体污染物选择性地溶解于一种相对不挥发的液体中。The liquid contains less than the equilibrium concentrationof the gaseous component.液体包含了低于气体平衡浓度的成分。Absorption i

31、s a major chemical engineering unitoperation and is covered in many technical references.吸收是一个主要的化学工程单元操作，覆盖了许多技术领域。 Absorber Systems吸收系统Gas absorption systems are designed to maximize to contactbetween the gas and liquid solvent in order to permitinterphase diffusion of the materials.气体吸收系统的设计使得气相和液相溶质的接触最大，以便允许物质的中间相扩散。Absorbers found to adequately disperse the liquid include packed towers, plate or tray towers, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers.已有的可充分散布液体的吸收装置包