troy war特洛伊战争.docx

troy war特洛伊战争.docx

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troywar特洛伊战争

10yearsofTroyWar

EverythingstartedfromaMyth........TroyinAsiaMinor.

AfterParisgrabbedHelenbacktoTroy,Menelausfeltveryangry.So,hepersuadeAchilleus,thegreatestwarriorinGreece,andAgamemnonwhichisMenelaus'bro,alsothekingofGreece,tobroketheTroywar.

Trojans,however,hadsensedthebreezebeforeAgamemnon'sarmyarrived.Priams,thekingofTroy,wiselysacrificedhisdaughter,hegavehisbeautifuldaughtertoAchilleus,andbegthegreatestwarriorofGreecetobringhismenbacktoGreecemainland,refusedtofight.

AtthebeginningoftheWar,GreeksdidaveryuglyactionblasphemedApollpthegodoftheSUN.ThenTrojansprayedtoApollotopunishGreeksandletdisasterscomeovertheirheads.AsTrojansexpected,theGreeksgotpunished,thousandsofsoldiersdiedinillness,thenAchilleusrefusedtofightandbroughthismenbacktomainlandGreece.

TroyWarhadbeendeadlockedoutsidetheTroyCitynearly9years.......

10thYearcamealittlechilledthanthelast9years.

Patroklos,thetruefriendofAchilleus,alsotheturningpointofTroyWar,waskilledinaduelwithParis.whenAchilleusheardofit,hewassomadthatalmostkilledthedaughterofPriams.ThenAchilleuscalledhismenbacktoTroyagain.

absolutelynoonecouldbeatAchilleusatthemoment,hefoughtfortherevengeofhisfriend,andhefoughtforsavinghisfriend'sname.Unfortunately,TrojangotAchilleus'heelwhichistheonlyweaknessofhim,AchilleusalsodiedatTroy.

Finally,TroywasbrokenbyAgamemnon'sGreeksoldiers.Womengotraped,mengotkilled,thewholeTroydroppedinfirefor3days.GreeksgotthecontrolofTroy,alsotheyimprovetheirpowerinAisaminorandtheTaxpointbetweenBlackseaandAegeanSea

TroyWarwasamyth,alegend,anepic,andjustastory......

causes:

AccordingtoHomer'sIlliad,thecauseoftheTrojanWarwentbacktotheJudgmentofParis.Paris,thePrinceofTroy,wasaksedtojudgeamongthreegoddesseswhowasthemostbeautiful.ForchoosingAphrodite,hewasgivenasaprizethemostbeautifulhumanwomanintheworld.Unfortunately,thatwomanhappenedtobemarriedtotheKingofSparta,andwhenshefellinlovewithParisandelopedwithhimtoTroy,itwastakenasadeadlyinsult,requiringthecombinedforcesofthewholeoftheMyvceneanPeloponese（andperhapsbeyond）toattackthecity-stateofTroy.Afterastalematedten-yearsiege,theGreeksdevisedastratagem.Theybuiltahugewoodenhorse,andatnightfilleditwithsoldiers,andthenwithdrewthierarmies.TheTrojanssawthattheyhadleft,andtookthehorsetobeapartinggiftfromthedefeatedenemy.Theytookthehorseintothecity,andatnightthesoldiersleftthehorseandopenedthecitygates,lettinginthemainarmywhodestroyedthecitywiththeusualrapineandpillage.

results:

TheGreekswon.

ThedestructionofTroyoccurredveryshortlybeforetheMyceneancitiesfelloneaftertheothertosomemysteriousraiders,probablyfromtheseainthecaseofPylos,atleast,andmaybealsointhecaseoftheothercities.Greecefellintowhatisknownasthe"GreekDarkAges"forseveralhundredyears.Literacyeffectivelyvanished,thepopulationdispersed,andtherewerenogreatcitiesuntiltherecoverythatledtotheClassicalperiodofwhichPericleanAthenswasthehighpoint.

特洛伊战争的历史：

TheAppleofDiscord

TheTrojanWarhasitsrootsinthemarriagebetweenPeleusandThetis,asea-goddess.PeleusandThetishadnotinvitedEris,thegoddessofdiscord,totheirmarriageandtheoutragedgoddessstormedintotheweddingbanquetandthrewagoldenappleontothetable.Theapplebelongedto,Erissaid,whomeverwasthefairest.

Hera,Athena,andAphroditeeachreachedfortheapple.ZeusproclaimedthatParis,princeofTroyandthoughttobethemostbeautifulmanalive,wouldactasthejudge.

HermeswenttoParis,andParisagreedtoactasthejudge.Herapromisedhimpower,Athenapromisedhimwealth,andAphroditepromisedthemostbeautifulwomanintheworld.

ParischoseAphrodite,andshepromisedhimthatHelen,wifeofMenelaus,wouldbehiswife.ParisthenpreparedtosetoffforSpartatocaptureHelen.TwinprophetsCassandraandHelenustriedtopersuadehimagainstsuchaction,asdidhismother,Hecuba.ButPariswouldnotlistenandhesetoffforSparta.

InSparta,Menelaus,husbandofHelen,treatedParisasaroyalguest.However,whenMenelausleftSpartatogotoafuneral,ParisabductedHelen（whoperhapswentwillingly）andalsocarriedoffmuchofMenelaus'wealth.

InTroy,HelenandParisweremarried.Thisoccuredaround1200B.C.（Wood,16）.

GreekArmament

Menelaus,however,wasoutragedtofindthatParishadtakenHelen.MenelausthencalleduponallofHelen'soldsuitors,asallofthesuitorshadmadeanoathlongagothattheywouldallbackHelen'shusbandtodefendherhonor.

Manyofthesuitorsdidnotwishtogotowar.OdysseuspretendedtobeinsanebutthistrickwasuncoveredbyPalamedes.Achilles,thoughnotoneoftheprevioussuitors,wassoughtafterbecausetheseerCalchashadstatedthatTroywouldnotbetakenunlessAchilleswouldfight.

OneofthemostinterestingstoriesisofCinyras,kingofPaphos,inCyprus,whohadbeenasuitorofHelen.Hedidnotwishtogotowar,butpromisedAgamemnonfiftyshipsfortheGreekfleet.Truetohisword,Cinyrasdidsendfiftyships.Thefirstshipwascommandedbyhisson.Theotherforty-nine,however,weretoyclayships,withtinyclaysailors.Theydissembledsoonafterbeingplacedintheocean（Tripp,584-584）.

TheGreekfleetassembled,underAgamemnon'sinspection,inAulis.However,AgamemnoneitherkilledoneofDiana'ssacredstagsormadeacarelessboast.Eitherway,Dianawasoutragedandshecalmedtheseassothatthefleetcouldnottakeoff.

TheseerCalchasproclaimedthatIphigenia,daughterofAgamemnon,mustbesacrificedbeforethefleetcouldsetsail.Thiswasdone,andtheGreekshipssetoffinsearchofTroy.

FindingTroy

FindingTroyproveddifficult,however,andtheGreekfleetatfirstlandedinMysia.AccordingtoHerodotus,theGreekswereundertheimpressionthatHelenhadbeentakenbytheTeuthranians（Teucrians）,andthoughtheTeuthraniansdeniedsuchallegations,theGreekslayedsiegetothecity（Herodotus,Bk.II.118）.TheGreeksultimatelyprevailed,butsufferedheavycasualtiesatthehandsofTelephus,kingoftheTeuthranians,and,attheend,werestillwithoutHelen.Telephus,inthecourseofthewar,waswoundedbyAchilles.

Withnowhereelsetoturn,theGreeksreturnedhome.

TheTrojanWarmightnothavehappenedhadnotTelephusgonetoGreeceinthehopesofhavinghiswoundcured.Telephushadbeentoldbyanoraclethatonlythepersonwhowoundedhim（inthiscase,Achilles）couldcurehim.AchillesassentedandTelephustoldtheGreekshowtogettoTroy.

EmbassytoPriam

Odysseus,knownforhiseloquence,andMenelausweresentasambassadorstoPriam.TheydemandedHelenandthestolentreasurebereturned.Priamrefused,andOdysseusandMenelausreturnedtotheGreekshipswiththeannouncementthatwarwasinevitable.

TheWar

ThefirstnineyearsofthewarconsistedofbothwarinTroyandwaragainsttheneighboringregions.TheGreeksrealizedthatTroywasbeingsuppliedbyitsneighboringkingdoms,soGreeksweresenttodefeattheseareas.

AswellasdestroyingTrojaneconomy,thesebattleslettheGreeksgatheralargeamountofresourcesandotherspoilsofwar,includingwomen（e.g.,Briseis,TecmessaandChryseis）.

TheGreekswonmanyimportantbattlesandtheTrojanheroHectorfell,asdidtheTrojanallyPenthesilea.However,theGreekscouldnotbreakdownthewallsofTroy.

Patrocluswaskilledand,soonafter,AchilleswasfelledbyParis.

Helenus,sonofPriam,hadbeencapturedbyOdysseus.Aprophet,HelenustoldtheGreeksthatTroywouldnotfallunless:

a）Pyrrhus,Achilles'son,foughtinthewar,

b）ThebowandarrowsofHerculeswereusedbytheGreeksagainsttheTrojans,

c）TheremainsofPelops,thefamousEleianhero,werebroughttoTroy,and

d）ThePalladium,astatueofAthena,wasstolenfromTroy（Tripp,587）.

PhoenixpersuadedPyrrhustojointhewar.PhilocteteshadthebowandarrowsofHercules,buthadbeenleftbytheGreekfleetinLemnosbecausehehadbeenbittenbyasnakeandhiswoundhadahorrendoussmell.Philocteteswasbitter,butwasfinallypersuadedtojointheGreeks.TheremainsofPelopsweregotten,andOdysseusinfiltratedTrojandefensesandstolethePalladium.

TheTrojanHorse

StillseekingtogainentranceintoTroy,cleverOdysseus（somesaywiththeaidofAthena）orderedalargewoodenhorsetobebuilt.Itsinsidesweretobehollowsothatsoldierscouldhidewithinit.

OncethestatuehadbeenbuiltbytheartistEpeius,anumberoftheGreekwarriors,alongwithOdysseus,climbedinside.TherestoftheGreekfleetsailedaway,soastodeceivetheTrojans.

Oneman,Sinon,wasleftbehind.WhentheTrojanscametomarvelatthehugecreation,SinonpretendedtobeangrywiththeGreeks,statingthattheyhaddesertedhim.HeassuredtheTrojansthatthewoodenhorsewassafeandwouldbringlucktotheTrojans.

Onlytwopeople,LaocoonandCassandra,spokeoutagainstthehorse,buttheywereignored.TheTrojanscelebratedwhattheythoughtwastheirvictory,anddraggedthewoodenhorseintoTroy.

Thatnight,aftermostofTroywasasleeporinadrunkenstupor,SinonlettheGreekwarriorsoutfromthehorse,andtheyslaughteredtheTrojans.PriamwaskilledashehuddledbyZeus'altarandCassandrawaspulledfromthestatueofAthenaandraped.

AftertheWar

Afterthewar,Polyxena,daughterofPr