全新版大学英语第二版综合教程 第1册 Unit 3 课堂笔记.docx

全新版大学英语第二版综合教程 第1册 Unit 3 课堂笔记.docx

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全新版大学英语第二版综合教程第1册Unit3课堂笔记

BeforeReading>>Warm-upExercises

I.JourneyonthePaper

Nowlet’sgoonajourneythroughthemostspectacular100yearsinthehistoryofscienceandtechnologytohaveanoverviewofhowourunderstandingoftheworldhasgrownfrom1900totoday.

MATTERSOFLIFEANDDEATH—MedicineandHealth

1900:

Patientsbattleillness,whiledoctorscandolittlemorethancounsel（劝告）andcomfortthemandkeepthemclean.

Today:

Doctorstreatandoftencurepatientswithavastarray（一大批）ofmedicinesandmedicaltechnologies,butsomediseasesarestillincurable.

MYSTERIESOFTHEUNIVERSE—PhysicsandAstronomy

1900:

TheMilkyWaygalaxy（星系）（includingsomeunexplainednebularclouds（星云））istheknownuniverse.Newton’slawsexplainthephysicalworld.Matteriscomposedofatoms.

Today:

TheMilkyWayisjustonegalaxyamongcountlessmillionswehaveobservedintheuniverse.Thereisnosetoflawsthatexplainsallphenomenainthephysicalworld,althoughtherearemanytheories.Atomsarecomposedofmanysubatomicparticles,allofwhichderivefrom（来自于）energy.

RESEARCHINTOOURSELVES–HumanBehavior

1900:

Thereisnocureforthementallyill,whoareconfinedtoinsaneasylums（精神病院）.“Mind”and“body”arethoughtofastwoseparatethings.

Today:

Mentalillnesscanbetreatedwitharangeoftherapies（治疗）andmedications.Weknowagreatdealaboutthechemistryandthepartsofthebrainthatcontrolourbehaviorandthoughts.

FASTER,CLOSER,BETTER—Technology

1900:

TheonlywaytoviewtheOlympicGamesinParisisinperson.NewsabouttheGamestravelstoAmericavia（通过）telegraphandisprintedinnewspapers.

Today:

Millionsworldwidewatchthe2008BeijingOlympicsontelevision,transmittedinstantaneously（瞬间地）bysatellite.Thenewsspreadsaswellbyradio,newspaper,andtheWorldWideWeb.

ORIGINS—EarthandLifeScience

1900:

Thereisnogoodexplanationforcatastrophiceventssuchasearthquakes.TheEarthisthoughttobeamere50millionyearsold,andtheevolutionofspeciesishotlydebated.

Today:

Theplates（板块）thatmakeuptheEarth’scrust（地壳）moveovertime,causingearthquakesandvolcanoes.TheEarthisknowntobe4,500millionyearsold.ThegeneticcodeofDNA,whichdrivesevolution,isbetterunderstoodeveryday.

II.Brainstorming

Brainstormsomeofthescientificandtechnologicalinventions

（cellphone,e-mail,clone,nuclearweapons,nanotechnology（纳米技术）,laptop（笔记本电脑）,geneticengineering）

Discussion

Doalltheseinventionsalwayschangeourlivesforthebetter?

Giveexamplestoexplainyouropinion.

III.Clone

i.News

News1InFeb.1997

InFebruary1997agroupofgeneticists（遗传学家）ledbyIanWilmutattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburgh,Scotland,announcedthattheyhadclonedasheepfromthemammaryglandtissue（乳腺组织）ofasix-year-oldewe（母羊）,thefirsttimescientistshavebeenabletocloneanadultmammal（哺乳动物）.

News2InApr.1998

Dolly,thefirst-evermammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,withherfirstlamb,namedBonnie,isseenattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburgh,ScotlandinthisimageonApril23,1998.Dolly,whowasnaturallymatedattheendoflastyearwithaWelshMountainram（公羊）,gavebirthtoBonnieonApril13,provingthatdespiteherunusualorigins,sheisabletobreednormallyandproducehealthyoffspring.

News3InFeb.2003

Dolly,thesheep,thefirstmammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,hasbeenputdownaftershewasfoundtohavealungdisease,theRoslinInstituteinScotland’scapitalEdinburghsaidonFeb17,2003.

“Shewassufferingfromanincurabledisease,”saidDr.HarryGriffin,afterRoslinreleasedastatementsayingthedecisionhadbeentakentoputDollydownaftershecontracted（感染）progressivelungdisease.

ii.Discussion

Whatisyourattitudetowardsclone?

Cloneisamemberofagroupoforganismsorplantsproducednon-sexuallyfromoneancestor.

Thesuggestedethicalandpracticalargumentsbothforandagainstcloning:

For:

1.Animalsfromendangeredspeciescouldbeclonedtopreventextinction.

2.Cloningwouldbeagoodsourcefororganandbonemarrow（骨髓）transplants.

3.Sterile（不育的）coupleswillbeabletohaveoffspringwhowillhaveeitherthemother’sorfather’sgeneticpattern.

Against:

1.Technologyisnotwelldeveloped.Ithasalowfertilityrate（出生率）.IncloningDolly,277eggswereused,30startedtodivide,nineinducedpregnancy,andonlyonesurvivedtoterm（临产）.

2.Clonesmaybetreatedassecond-classcitizensandtheunknownpsychosocialharmwithimpactsonthefamilyandsociety.

3.Lossofgeneticvariation.

iii.AdsDesigning

Decideforyourselfwhichsideoftheissuetosupportandthenplanapublicserviceadvertisementcampaignfororagainstcloning.

1.Useattention-grabbingimagesandsnappy（简洁）yetinformativelanguageinyourads.

2.Youmightfindmodelsofsuchimagesandlanguageinotherpublicserviceadvertisements,suchastheonesthatdiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.（图略）（Afewgoodexamplescanbefoundatwww.tobaccofreekids.organdwww.badvertising.org.）

BeforeReading>>BackgroundInformation

I.StephenHawking

i.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking

StephenHawking（1942~）:

Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician

ii.ChronologyofStephenHawking

–1942

BorninOxford,England.

–1958

EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics（热力学）,relativitytheory,andquantummechanics（量子力学）.

–1962

Receivedabachelor’sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneralrelativityattheUniversityofCambridge.

–1966

EarnedhisPh.D.degreeattheUniversityofCambridge.StayedattheUniversityofCambridgetodopost-doctoralresearch.DiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis（ALS）（肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化）.

（Quote:

“Iamquiteoftenasked:

HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?

Theansweris,notalot.Itrytoleadasnormalalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsitpreventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany.”）

–1977

Becameaprofessorofphysics.

–1979

AppointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.

–1988

PublishedhisfamousbookABriefHistoryofTime:

FromtheBigBangtoBlackHoles.

–1993

WroteBlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.

–1996

Co-authoredabookwithSirRogerPenrosetitledTheNatureofSpaceandTime.

iii.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking

singularity:

（Apointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature（曲率）becomesinfinite.）

blackhole:

（Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.）

Withthehelpofthefollowingwordsandexpressions,listentoarecordingofmoreinformationonblackhole.

KeyWords:

object:

n.物体

emit:

v.放射，吐露

theeventhorizon:

事件视界，即黑洞的边界

entropy:

n.熵，热力学概念。

fatal:

a.重大的，致命的

motivate:

v.激发

irritation:

n.愤怒

misuse:

v.误用，错用

turnout:

结果是

manner:

n.方式，风格

Script:

Bytheirverydefinition,blackholesareobjectswhicharenotsupposedtoemitanything.Itthereforeseemedthattheareaoftheeventhorizonofablackholecouldnotberegardedasitsentropy.Infactin1972,IwroteapaperonthissubjectwithBrandonCarterandanAmericancolleagueJimBardeen.Wepointedoutthat,althoughthereweremanysimilaritiesbetweenentropyandtheareaoftheeventhorizon,therewasthisapparentlyfataldifficulty.ImustadmitthatinwritingthispaperIwasmotivatedpartlybyirritationwithBeckenstein,becauseIfelthehadmisusedmydiscoveryoftheincreaseoftheareaoftheeventhorizon.However,itturnedoutintheendthathewasbasicallycorrect,thoughinamannerhehadcertainlynotexpected.

ABriefHistoryofTime:

（Oneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.）

MedalofFreedom:

Script:

Persistentinhispursuitofknowledge,StephenHawkinghasunlockednewpathwaysofdiscoveryandinspiredpeoplearoundtheworld.Hehasdedicatedhislifetoexploringthefundamentallawsthatgoverntheuniverse,andhehascontributedtosomeofthegreatestscientificdiscoveriesofourtime.Hisworkhasstirredtheimaginationofexpertsandlaypersonsalike.Livingwithadisabilityandpossessinganuncommoneaseofspirit,StephenHawking’sattitudeandachievementsinspirehope,intellectualcuriosity,andrespectforthetremendouspowerofscience.

II.AlbertEinstein

i.MonologueofEinstein

AlbertEinstein（1879~1955）

Script:

IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.

Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That’swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,atleastforscientists,withseveralnewideas.Iproposedthatspaceandtimehadtobelookedatinawholenewway—thatNewton’sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.TheseideasbecameknownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandintroducedtheequationE=mc2.

TenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthatgravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvature（曲率）ofthespace-timecontinuum.

ii.AlbertEinstein’sSpecialTheoryofRelativity

Listentotherecordingandchoosethebestanswer.

1）WhichofthefollowingdoesnotchangeaccordingtoEinstein?

______（C）

A.TimeB.MassC.SpeedoflightD.Length

2）Thetwospaceshipsmentionedareexactlyalikeexceptfor______.（B）

A.speedB.colorC.massD.motion

3）Whatdoesthescientistinthespaceshipmeasure?

______（B）

A.Thespeedofthespaceship.

B.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight’stravelinthespaceship.

C.Thespeedoftheotherspaceship.

D.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight’stravelinth