Model Test Nine.docx

Model Test Nine.docx

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ModelTestNine

ModelTestNine

PartⅠWriting（30minutes）

Directions：

Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledObsessionwithOnlineGames.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow：

1.大学生迷恋网络游戏的现象较为普遍

2.产生这种现象的原因是什么

3.如何才能减少大学生对网络游戏的迷恋

注意：

在实考中，此部分试题在答题卡1上。

ObsessionwithOnlineGames

PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions：

Inthispart，youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1~7，markY（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8~10，completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

DNAEvidenceWhatiftherewereawayoftyingapersontothesceneofacrimebeyondashadowofadoubt？

Or，moreimportantly，whatifyoucouldruleoutsuspectsandpreventthewrongpersonfrombeinglockedupinjail？

ThisdreamisbeginningtoberealizedthroughtheuseofDNAevidence.

YourOwnPersonalBarcodeWeallliketothinkthatweareunique，notlikeanyoneelseintheworld.Unlessyouareanidenticaltwin，atthenuclearlevel，youare！

Humanshave23pairsofchromosomescontainingtheDNAblueprintthatencodesallthematerialsneededtomakeupyourbodyaswellastheinstructionsforhowtorunit.Onememberofeachchromosomalpaircomesfromyourmother，andtheotheriscontributedbyyourfather.EverycellinyourbodycontainsacopyofthisDNA.WhilethemajorityofDNAdoesntdifferfromhumantohuman，some3millionbasepairsofDNA（about0.10percentofyourentiregenome）varyfrompersontoperson.ThekeytoDNAevidenceliesincomparingtheDNAleftatthesceneofacrimewithasuspectsDNAinthesechromosomalregionsthatdodiffer.

CreatingaDNAProfileThebasicprocedureusedtoisolateanindividualsDNAfingerprintiscalledRestrictionFragmentLengthPolymorphism（RFLP）analysis.ThisisacomplicatedwayofsayingthatinvestigatorsdeterminethenumberofVNTRrepeatsatanumberofdistinctiveareastocomeupwithanindividualsDNAprofile.Foreachperson，therearetwonumbersofrepeatsineachVNTRregion（onefrommomandonefromdad），soyouaregettingbothcounts.IfyoudothisforanumberofdifferentVNTRregions，youcanbuildaprofileforapersonthatisstatisticallyunique.TheresultingDNAfingerprintcanthenbecomparedwiththeoneleftbythe“perp”atacrimescenetoseeiftheremightbeamatch.

AdvancesinDNAEvidenceIn1985，DNAenteredthecourtroomforthefirsttimeasevidenceinatrial，butitwasntuntil1988thatDNAevidenceactuallysentsomeonetojail.Thisisacomplexareaofforensicsciencethatreliesheavilyonstatisticalpredictions；inearlycaseswherejurorswerehitwithreamsofevidenceheavilyladenwithmathematicalformulas，itwaseasyfordefenseattorneystocreatedoubtinjurorsminds.Sincethen，anumberofadvanceshaveallowedcriminalinvestigatorstoperfectthetechniquesinvolvedandfacedownlegalchallengestoDNAfingerprinting.Improvementsinclude：

AmountofDNAneeded—Usingthepolymerasechainreaction（PCR），investigatorsnowonlyneedtinyamountsofaspecificDNAsequenceforanalysis.SourceofDNA—SciencehasdevisedingeniouswaysofextractingDNAfromsourcesthatusedtobetoodifficultortoocontaminatedtouse.ExpandedDNAdatabases—Severalcountries，includingtheU.S.andBritain，havebuiltelaboratedatabaseswithhundredsofthousandsofuniqueindividualDNAprofiles.Thisaddsalotofweighttoargumentsformerlybasedonmathematicaltheoryalone.Training—Crimelabshavecomeupwithformalprotocolsforhandlingandprocessingevidence，reducingthelikelihoodofcontaminationofsamples.Onthecourtroomside，prosecutorshavebecomemoresavvyatpresentinggeneticevidence，andmanystateshavecomeupwithspecificrulesgoverningitsadmissibilityincourtcases.Scienceeducation—Inrecentyears，anumberofdebateshaveeruptedaroundtheworldoverissueslikeusingDNAevidence，cloninganimalsorsellinggeneticallymodifiedcrops.Ithasdawnedonmanythattobeactive，informedparticipantsinsuchethicaldebates，thegeneralpublicmustunderstandthebasictenetsofgenetics，statistics，andthelike.

UsingDNAEvidenceGiventhehighprofileDNAevidencehadduringtheO.J.Simpsontrial，mostpeopleknowDNAprofilesareusedbycriminalinvestigatorsto：

Proveguilt—MatchingDNAprofilescanlinkasuspecttoacrimeorcrimescene.TheBritishpolicehaveanonlinedatabaseofmorethan360，000profilesthattheycomparetocrimescenesamples；morethan500positivematchescomeupaweek.Exonerateaninnocentperson—Atleast10innocentpeoplehavebeenfreedfromdeathrowintheUnitedStatesafterDNAevidencefromtheircaseswasstudied.Sofar，DNAevidencehasbeenalmostasusefulinexcludingsuspectsasinfingeringandconvictingthem；about30percentofDNAprofilecomparisonsdonebytheFBIresultinexcludingsomeoneasasuspect.DNAevidenceisalsousefulbeyondthecriminalcourtroomin：

Paternitytestingandothercaseswhereauthoritiesneedtoprovewhetherornotindividualsarerelated—Oneofthemoreinfamouspaternitycasesoflaterevolvedarounda1998paperinthejournalNaturethatstudiedwhetherornotThomasJefferson，thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates，actuallyfatheredchildrenwithoneofhisslaves（incaseyourewondering，accordingtheresearchers，theanswerisaresoundingyes）.IdentificationofJohnorJaneDoes—Policeinvestigatorsoftenfacetheunpleasanttaskoftryingtoidentifyabodyorskeletalremains.DNAisafairlyresilientmolecule，andsamplescanbeeasilyextractedfromhairorbonetissue；onceaDNAprofilehasbeencreated，itcanbecomparedtosamplesfromfamiliesofmissingpersonstoseeifamatchcanbemade.ThemilitaryevenusesDNAprofilesinplaceoftheoldschooldogtag.Eachnewrecruitmustprovidebloodandsalivasamples，andthestoredsamplescansubsequentlybeusedasapositiveIDforsoldierskilledinthelineofduty.EvenwithoutaDNAmatchtoconclusivelyidentifyabody，aprofileisusefulbecauseitcanprovideimportantcluesaboutthevictim，suchashisorhersexandrace.Studyingtheevolutionofhumanpopulations—Scientistsaretryingtousesamplesextractedfromskeletonsandfromlivingpeoplearoundtheworldtoshowhowearlyhumanpopulationsmighthavemigratedacrosstheglobeanddiversifiedintosomanydifferentraces.Studyinginheriteddisorders—ScientistsalsostudytheDNAfingerprintsoffamilieswithmemberswhohaveinheriteddiseaseslikeAlzheimer‘sDiseasetotryandferretoutchromosomaldifferencesbetweenthosewithoutthediseaseandwhohaveit，inthehopesthatthesechangesmightbelinkedtogettingthedisease.

注意：

在实考中，此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.Humanbeingshave23pairsofchromosomescontainingallthegeneticinformation.

2.Byanalyzingeachchromosomalpaircontainedinyourbody，scientistscangatherinformationaboutyourancestors，bothonyourfatherssideaswellasonyourmother’sside.

3.DNAevidencewasfirstadmittedintothecourtroominthemiddleofthe1990s.

4.ItisimportanttogathersufficientDNAforanalysis，becausethePCRtechniqueisnotalwaysreliable.

5.Accordingtotheauthor，thecontroversyevolvedaroundtheuseofDNAevidenceisseenaspartofscienceeducationforthepublic.

6.DNAevidencewasusedascriminalevidenceinthetrialofO.J.Simpson，thoughitwasdismissedbythedefenselawyers.

7.TheDNAtechniquecanbeusedtoidentifyanamelessdeadbodyorskeletalremains.

8.ThebasicproceduretoisolateonesDNAfingerprintiscalled.

9.DNAevidencecanbeusedtoprovethelinkofasuspecttoacrimeorexonerate.

10.TheinvestigationofthosewhoclaimedtobethedescendantsofThomasJeffersonwasrevealedinapaperpublishedin.

PartⅢListeningComprehension（35minutes）

SectionA

Directions：

Inthissection，youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation，oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause，youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA），B），C）andD），anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

注意：

在实考中，此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

11.A）Sheishappywiththestudentcenter.

B）Shewillletthemanusehercomputer.

C）Shehopestotakeastatisticscoursesoon.

D）She’dliketobuyacomputer.

12.A）Thewomanshouldwaittobuynewclothes.

B）Thecoldweatherwillprobablycontinue.

C）Theweatherwillwarmupsoon.

D）Healreadyhasawarmcoat.

13.A）Theyhadamisunderstandingfouryearsago.

B）Theyreallylikeeachotherverymuch.

C）They’vebeenangrywithoneanotherforalongtime.

D）They’veneverlearnedhowtoexpresstheirfeelings.

14.A）Theywatchedtheendoftherace.

B）Onlythreeofthemdidn’tfinishtherace.

C）Mostofthemdidn’trunintherace.

D）Theyparticipatedinthelastthreeraces.

15.A）Hewastakingpicturesofthecampus.

B）Hisphotographswereontheeveningnews.

C）Hewenttoseeafilmoncampus.

D）Histelevisionappearancewasunintentional.

16.A）Heknowssomeonewhocangetthewomanajob.

B）Gregandhisuncledon’tliketheirjobs.

C）Gregonlygotthejobbecauseofhisuncle.

D）Hedoesn’tknowthewoman’suncle.

17.A）Heshouldnotdotheexpe