英语国家社会与文化newzealandunit2economy.docx

英语国家社会与文化newzealandunit2economy.docx

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英语国家社会与文化newzealandunit2economy

TheWestminstersystemisademocraticparliamentarysystemofgovernmentmodeledafterthepoliticsoftheUnitedKingdom.ThistermcomesfromthePalaceofWestminster,theseatoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom.

Thesystemisaseriesofproceduresforoperatingalegislature立法机构.Itisused,orwasonceused,inthenationallegislaturesandsub-nationallegislaturesofmostCommonwealth英联邦andex-Commonwealthnationsuponbeinggrantedresponsiblegovernment,beginningwiththefirstoftheCanadianprovincesin1848andthesixAustraliancoloniesbetween1855and1890.

NewZealand（part2）

Part

.Government

•WhattypeofgovernmentdoesNewZealandgovernmentbelongto?

Parliamentarydemocracyasasovereignindependentstate,withaparliamentarygovernmentandaconstitutionalmonarchy.

Since1907,thecountryhasbeenanindependentmemberoftheBritishCommonwealth.QueenElizabethIIisQueenofNewZealandaswellasBritain

.SheisrepresentedinNewZealandbytheGovernor-General,whoisaNewZealander.Governmentisdrawnfromaparliamentandheadedbyaprimeminister.Sincethe1930s,governmenthasalternatedbetweentheNationalandLabourparties.

　NewZealandisaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarydemocracy.Althoughithasnocodifiedconstitution,theConstitutionAct1986istheprincipalformalstatementofNewZealand'sconstitutionalstructure.QueenElizabethIIistheheadofstateandistitledQueenofNewZealandundertheRoyalTitlesAct1974.SheisrepresentedbytheGovernor-General,whomsheappointsontheexclusiveadviceofthePrimeMinister,whoisaNewZealander.

TheSovereign

⏹QueenElizabethIIistheheadofstate

⏹Herrepresentativeisthegovernorgeneral

⏹Shehassymbolicandceremonialroleandnotinvolvedintheday-to-dayrunningofthegovernment

TheGovernorGeneral

⏹AppointedbytheSovereign（君主）onthePrimeMinster‘srecommendationforatermof5year

Mainfunction:

asktheleaderofthemajorityPartytoformagovernment;BeabletomakeregulationsandhisofherassentisrequiredforallBillspassedbytheHouseofRepresentativesbeforetheycanbecomelaw

Parliament

⏹twopartstheSovereign君主

andtheHouseofRepresentatives

Parliament

HouseofRepresentative

●PM

●Cabinet

●PublicSector

⏹TheHouse’sresponsibilities:

debateandpasslegislation;provideaGovernment;supervisetheadministration;supplymoney;representtheviewsofthepeopleofNewZealand

Aconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarydemocracy

Aconstitutionalmonarchy（acountryruledbyakingorqueenwhosepowersarelimitedbyaconstitution）

Headofstate:

QueenElizabethII

RepresentedbyGovernor-General:

AppointedbythequeenexclusivelyundertheadviceofPM

ExercisingtheCrown’spowerstoappointanddismissministersandtodissolve解散Parliament

Chairing使任职theExecutiveCouncil,aformalcommitteeconsistingofallministersoftheCrown

Aconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarydemocracy

Aparliamentarydemocracy议会民主

Aparliamentarysystemisasystemofgovernmentinwhichtheministersoftheexecutivebranchgettheirdemocraticlegitimacyfromthelegislatureandareaccountabletothatbody,suchthattheexecutiveandlegislativebranchesareintertwined.

democracy：

asystemofgovernmentinwhichpeoplevoteinelectionstochoosethepeoplewhowillgovernthem

One-chamber['tʃeimbə]Parliament:

theHouseofRepresentatives（agovernmenthavingonlyonelegislativeorparliamentarychamber）

Manyparliamentsorotherlegislaturesconsistoftwochambers（orhouses）:

anelectedlowerhouse,andanupperhouseorSenatewhichmaybeappointedorelectedbyadifferentmechanismfromthelowerhouse.Thisstyleoftwohousesiscalledbicameral.两院制Legislatureswithonlyonehouseareknownasunicameral.一院制

120MembersofParliament

Parliamentarygeneralelections:

heldeverythreeyearsunderaformofproportionalrepresentation（比例代表制）calledMixedMemberProportional.

PM:

theParliamentaryleaderofthegoverningpartyorcoalition联合（oftwoparties）

Cabinet:

themostseniorpolicy-makingbodyandledbythePM

*Proportionalrepresentationisacategoryofelectoralformulaaimingataclosematchbetweenthepercentageofvotesthatgroupsofcandidatesobtaininelectionsandthepercentageofseatstheyreceive.

PRisademocraticprincipleratherthananelectoralsysteminitself.Itisoftencontrastedto"winnertakesall"plurality（"firstpastthepost"orFPTP）districts.

Yetitmaygiverisetosmallandradicalpoliticalparties,whichmaydecentralizethepowerofthegovernment.

Government

Monarch:

QueenElizabethII

Judiciarysystem

1.Thehighestcourt:

theSupremeCourtofNewZealand:

（usedtothePrivyCouncilinLondon）

2.theCourtofAppeal上诉法院

3.TheHighCourt,dealingwithseriouscriminaloffencesandcivilmattersatthetriallevelandwithappealsfromlowercourtsandtribunals法院

4.Subordinatecourts

separationofpowers（theexecutive,legislativeandjudicialpowers）checksandbalances

1.1TheExecutiveBranch

　　TheGovernor-GeneralexercisestheCrown'sprerogativepowers,suchasthepowertoappointanddismissministersandtodissolveParliament,andinraresituations,thereservepowers.TheGovernor-GeneralalsochairstheExecutiveCouncil,whichisaformalcommitteeconsistingofallministersoftheCrown.MembersoftheExecutiveCouncilarerequiredtobeMembersofParliament,andmostarealsoinCabinet.Cabinetisthemostseniorpolicy-makingbodyandisledbythePrimeMinister,whoisalso,byconvention,theParliamentaryleaderofthegoverningpartyorcoalition.

1.2TheLegislativeBranch

　　TheNewZealandParliamenthasonlyonechamber,theHouseofRepresentatives,whichusuallyseats120MembersofParliament.ParliamentarygeneralelectionsareheldeverythreeyearsunderaformofproportionalrepresentationcalledMixedMemberProportional.The2008GeneralElectioncreatedan'overhang'oftwoextraseats,occupiedbytheMāoriParty,duetothatpartywinningmoreseatsinelectoratesthanthenumberofseatsitsproportionofthepartyvotewouldhavegivenit.

　　FromOctober2005untilNovember2008,theLabour-ledgovernmentwasinformalcoalitionwiththeProgressiveParty,JimAndertonbeingitsonlyMP.Inaddition,NewZealandFirstandUnitedFutureprovidedconfidenceandsupplyinreturnfortheirleadersbeingministersoutsidecabinet.AnarrangementwasalsomadewiththeGreenParty,whichgaveacommitmentnottovoteagainstthegovernmentonconfidenceandsupply.In2007LabouralsohadtheproxyvoteofTaitoPhillipField,aformerLabourMP.ThesearrangementsassuredthegovernmentofamajorityofsevenMPsonconfidencevotes.

　　LabourwasdefeatedbytheNationalPartyinthegeneralelectionsofNovember8,2008.Followingthevictory,NationalleaderJohnKeymovedquicklytoformagovernment,negotiatingcoalitionagreementswiththeright-wingACTparty,ledbyRodneyHide,thecentristUnitedFutureparty,albeitwithitssingleseatheldbyleaderPeterDunne,andtheMāoriParty,ledbyTarianaTuriaandPitaSharples.EachoftheseleadersaretoholdministerialpostsbutremainoutsideofCabinet.TherearetobethreepartiesinOpposition:

theLabourParty,ledbyPhilGoff;theGreens,co-ledbyJeanetteFitzsimonsandRusselNormanandtheProgressiveParty,underJimAnderton.Thenewexecutivewassworninon19November2008.

1.3TheJudicialBranch

　　ThehighestcourtinNewZealandistheSupremeCourtofNewZealand,establishedin2004followingthepassageoftheSupremeCourtAct2003.TheactabolishedtheoptiontoappealtothePrivyCouncilinLondon.ThecurrentChiefJusticeisDameSianElias.NewZealand'sjudiciaryalsoincludestheCourtofAppeal;theHighCourt,whichdealswithseriouscriminaloffencesandcivilmattersatthetriallevelandwithappealsfromlowercourtsandtribunals;andsubordinatecourts.

　　NewZealandistheonlycountryintheworldinwhichallthehighestofficesinthelandhavebeenoccupiedsimultaneouslybywomen:

QueenElizabethII,Governor-GeneralDameSilviaCartwright,PrimeMinisterHelenClark,SpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentativesMargaretWilsonandChiefJusticeDameSianEliaswereallinofficebetweenMarch2005andAugust2006.NewZealand'slargestlistedcompany,TelecomNewZealand,hadawoman-TheresaGattung-asitsCEOatthetime.

6.LocalGovernment

⏹Independentofthecentralgovernment

⏹Constitutionalsubordinatetotheparliament

⏹Confersthepowersoflocalauthorities

Localgovernmentandexternalterritories

OncedividedNewZealandintoprovincesbefore1876

Centralizedgovernment:

Nosub-nationalentitiessuchasprovinces,statesorterritories,apartfromitslocalgovernment

Localgovernment:

administeringthevariousregionsofNewZealand

Localgovernmentre-organisedin1989implementingthecurrenttwo-tierstructureofregionalcouncils

TheLocalGovernment

　　TheearlyEuropeansettlersdividedNewZealandintoprovinces.Thesewereabolishedin1876sothatgovernmentcouldbecentralised,forfinancialreasons.Asaresult,NewZealandhasnoseparatelyrepresentedsubnationalentitiessuchasprovinces,statesorterritories,apartfromlocalgovernment.Howeverthespiritoftheprovincesliveson,andthereisfiercerivalryexhibitedinsportingandculturalevents.Since1876,localgovernmenthasadministeredthevariousregionsofNewZealand.In1989,thegovernmentcompletelyreorganisedlocalgovernment,implementingthecurrenttwo-tierstructureofregionalcouncilsandterritorialauthoritiesconstitutedundertheLocalGovernmentAct2002.In1991,theResourceMa