六级阅读理解100篇文本完整版培训课件.docx
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六级阅读理解100篇文本完整版培训课件
六级阅读理解100篇文本(完成版)
CantheComputerLearnfromExperience
计算机会总结经验吗
Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.
Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.
Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.
Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.
Notes
check:
agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12pieces
ecology:
therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系,生态学
Readingcomprehension
Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________
Atowintheworldchesschampion
Btopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers
Ctoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars
Dtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress
2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________
Agivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame
Bfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayers
Clearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame
Devaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime
3Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________
Amangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond
Bprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences
Cprepareitforchess-playingfirst
Denableittodealwithunstructuredsituations
4Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____
AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative
5Intheauthor’sopinion,______
Awinningachessgameisanunimportantevent
Bserioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagame
Cecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved
Dthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers
1b2c3b4c5d
YouCallThisaGoodEconomy
这能称之为上佳经验
Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner(养家糊口的人).In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;myfather,disciplineandenterprise.
TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?
Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.
Thereisanotheranswer,though:
inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather’sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.
Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn’tlookverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentadspayonlyalittlemorethantheminimumwage,maybe$5anhour,which,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4anhour.Comparethatwithminimum-wagejobsoftheearly1950s,when75centswasworthtoday’s$7.50beforeandaftertaxes.
Notes
1Brooklyn:
adistrictofNewYorkcity
2inflate:
通货膨胀
3proxy:
theauthoritytoactforanother
4payroll:
alistofemployeesandthewagesduetoeach
ReadingComprehension
Intheauthor’sopinion,agoodeconomy,toordinarypeoplecanbeexpressedintermsof______
theamountofwage
after-taxincome
theactualpurchasingpower
theminimumwageperhour
Intheperiodbetween1950and1970,_______
therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstandardsbetweenpeopleofhigherandlowereducation
anordinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveononepersonincome
theincomeofanordinaryfamilywasmorethanenoughforbuyingfood
foranaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupportallthemembers
Todayabookbinder’swageistentimesthatofthe1950’sbutitsincometaxratehasincreased______
a.50timesb.60timesc.70timesd.80times
4Theworseningofabookbinder’slivelihoodresultsfrom_____
a.hisloweducationandtheamountofwage
b.thehigh-taxationandtheincomedeductions
c.thehightaxationandcostofliving
d.thelowwageandhigherprices
5Thepassageimpliesthatwhilethecostoflivingisgettinghigher______
a.thevalueoflaboractuallyisshrinking
b.theminimumwagelevelisincreasinglikewise
c.theincometaxrateisrisingalong
d.theemploymentadsnaturallyofferahigherminimumwage
6Theauthor’stoneinwritingthearticleis_____
a.ironicalb.subjectivec.high-soundingd.convincing
7thearticleaimsto_________.
a.helpcontroltherapidlyincreasingprices
b.givesomeadvicetothepolicy-makers
c.impresstheyoungergenerationwithsomebasicfacts
d.calluponthesocietysattentionagainstinflation
1c2b3d4c5a6d7c
AreExpertsAlwaysRight
专家总是对的吗
Theworldhasbecomesocomplicatedthatwe’velostconfidenceinourabilitytounderstandanddealwithit.Butcommonsenseisusefulnowasiteverwas.Noamountofexpertisesubstitutesforanintimateknowledgeofapersonorasituation.Attimesyoujusthavetotrustyourownjudgement.
Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.Iwasreadingabookoneday,idlyscratchingthebackofmyhead,whenInoticedthat,inoneparticularspot,thescratchingechoedinsidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcarton,Irushedofftomydoctor.
“Gotaholeinyourhead,haveyou?
”heteased.“It’snothing—justoneofthoselittlescalpnervessoundingoff.”
Twoyearsandfourdoctorslater,Iwasstillbeingtolditwasnothing.Tothefifthdoctor.Isaid,almostindesperation,”ButIliveintisbody.Iknowsomething’sdifferent.”
“Ifyouwon’ttakemywordforit,I’lltakeanX-rayandproveittoyou,”hesaid.
Well,thereitwas,ofcourse,thetumorthathadmadeaholeasbigasaneyesocketinthebackofmyskull.Aftertheoperation,ayoungresidentpausedbymybed.”It’sagoodthingyou’resosmart,”hesaid.”Mostpatientdieofthesetumorsbecausewedon’tknowthey’rethereuntilitistoolate.”
I’mreallynotsosmart.AndI’mtoodocileinthefaceofauthority.Ishouldhavebeenmoreaggressivewiththosefirstfourdoctors.It’shardtoquestionopinionsdeliveredwithabsolutecertainty.
Expertsalwayssoundsosure.NevileChamberlain,theBritishprimeminister,waspositive,justbeforethestartofWorldWarII,thattherewouldbe“peaceforourtime.”ProducerIrvingThalbergdidnothesitatetoadviseLouisB.MayeragainstbuyingtherightstoGoneWiththeWindbecause“noCivilWarpictureevermadeanickel.”EvenAbrahamLincolnsurelybelieveditwhenhesaidinhisGettysburgAddress:
”Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongremember,whatwesayhere…”
Weshouldnot,therefore,beintimidatedbyexperts.Whenit’sanareawereallyknowabout—ourbodies,ourfamilies,ourhouses—let’slistentowhattheexpertssay,thenmakeupourownminds.
Notes
cardboardcarton:
aboxorcontainermadeofastiffpasteboardofpaper
scalp:
theskincoveringthehead
tumor:
肿瘤
eyesocket:
theopeningorcavityinwhichtheeyefits
docile:
easilymanagedortaught
readingcomprehension
“It”in“…dealwithit”(para.1)refersto______
a.confidenceb.theworldc.abilityd.complication
2.“Expertise”inpara.1means______
a.commonsenseb.expertskillorknowledgec.unusualabilitytoappreciate
d.personalexperience
3.Wehavetotrustourownjudgementsince____
a.notallofushaveacquiredreliableexpertise
b.experts