华师美国文学史考点.docx

华师美国文学史考点.docx

《华师美国文学史考点.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《华师美国文学史考点.docx（25页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

华师美国文学史考点

WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofSouthernandNorthernEnglishcoloniesinAmerica?

Northern

（Massachussets）1620,MayFlower,WilliamBradford,Plantation大农场

ThefirstcolonistswereSeparatistPuritans（Pilgrims）.

■TheysettledinNewEnglandtogainreligiousfreedom.

■Thereligiousfreedomtheysoughtwasnotreadilygrantedtoothersoutsidetheirfaith.

■Mostcolonistsgrewtheirownfood.

■Thesoilwastoothinandrockyandtheclimatetooharshforthecoloniststogrowcashcrops.■Theyturnedtofishing,lumbering,furtrading,andmetalworkingtonourishtheireconomy.

Southern1607，JohnSmith,Virginia,seekforfortune,”MotherofPresidents”

■ThefirstcolonistswereEnglishandsettledinJamestown,Virginiain1607.

■Theirgoalwastofindgoldinordertoobtainwealthasrapidlyaspossible.

■Tobaccoandgrainbecamethemajorcashcropsofthesoutherncolonies.

■Thesecashcropsweregrownonlargeplantationsoflandthatneededlargenumbersofworkers.

■Indenturedservantswerefirstused.Astheirnumbersdwindled,slaveswereused.

■Asmallnumberofpeopleownedlargeamountsofland.

■Religionandreligiousfreedomwerenotlargeconcernsformostsoutherncolonists.

2distinctivetypesimpressedonearlyAmericanliteratureandleftaculturalheritagethatAmericanwritershavecontinuedtodrawoneversince.（Puritan（idealistic）,,Cavalier（practical）骑士）

ThepuritanswereCalvinists加尔文主义者

Calvinismemphasizesoriginalsinandman’sfallandseesmanasanutterlycorruptbeingwhocanberegeneratedonlythroughGod’sgrace.

If,todayinUSAthereisaspiritofself-examination,azealtoimprovethecountryandupliftthecharacterofitscitizens,itistoalargeextentinheritedfromPuritans.

UnlikethePuritans,theCavalierplanters’deepestinterestswerelikelytobesocial,economic,andpoliticalratherthanreligious.

Bythemiddleof18thcentury,asenseofnationalidentitywasbeginningtoemerge.

Freedomandindependencewerefocused.

Duringthisera,literaturebecametherecordofthemindratherthatofthespirit,ofmindswhichgrappledwithideasandtranslatedthemintospeeches,essaysandgreatpoliticaltestaments.

Theworkofmeninthisera:

BenjaminFranklin（leaderwriterofthisperiod）,PatrickHenry,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonandGeorgeWashington.（nottheprofessionalwriters.）

Theworksweresermons,histories,journals,speeches,pamphletsandpoliticaldocuments.

Inthe19thcentury,otherwriters----Poe,Longfellow,Irving,HawthornewouldWritemorespecificallyliteraryworks:

poems,shortstoriesandnovels.Mostoftheearlier,colonial,writershadnosuchawarenessbuttheirsolidachievementsformedthebeginningofAmericanliteraturewhichexpressednationalconsciousness

ThesoutherncolonistsproducedlesswritingthantheirNewEnglandcounterparts.

BeforeCivilWartherewasonlyanincipient初步的andcomparativelyfruitless不成功的，徒劳的literaryactivityintheSouth.

Thesoutherncoloniesdidnotrearpoetsandphilosophersbutstatesmen.“Motherofpresidents”.

JohnSmith（1579-1631

1.Soldieroffortune.EstablishthefirstBritishcolonyinAmerica

2.In1608hewroteATrueRelationofVirginia,thefirstEnglishbookwritteninAmerica

3.Writingstyle:

boasting,exaggeration.

JohnathanEdwards

1.Theologian,believeinCalvinisticfaith

2.HispowerfulpreachinghelpedsparkamajorreligiousrevivalcalledtheGreatAwakeningthatspreadthroughNewEnglandinthe1730sand1740s.

3.ThepowerofEdwards’ssermonsisachievedlargelythrougheffectiveuseofmetaphor,ascanbeseenin“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod.”落在忿怒之上帝手中的罪人

AnneBradstreet1612-1672

1.Femalepoet

2.HerfirstvolumeappearinginLondonin1650wastitled“ThetenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica.”

3.AllherpoemsareinthestrongPuritanfaith.

4.Manyofhermostinterestingpoemswerewrittenoutofhereverydayexperience.

Style:

conventionalandexaggeratedmanner

PhilipFreneau1752-1832

1.HeisthefirstpeopletowritetheIndianpeopleinAmerica

2.HispoetryiscloselyidentifiedwiththeAmericanRevolution.

3.TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花

4.Apoemabouttheepisodeentitled“TheBritishPrisonShip.”

BenjaminFranklin1706-1790

1.Heclaimsforthrifty,frugality.

2.PoorRichard’sAlmanack穷查理的年鉴

3.Hisautobiography.富兰克林自传

ThomasPaine1737-1809

1.Hepublishedapamphlet（brochure）entitledCommonSense,whichadvocatedcompletepoliticalindependenceofEngland.

2.Thomaspainewrotethefirstnumberofanirregularlyissuedperiodical,knownastheCrisis.

3.“Wherelibertyisnot,thereismyhome.”

4.TheRightsofMan,

5.TheAgeofReason

ThomasJefferson1743-1826

1.“themostextraordinarycollectionoftalent,ofhumanknowledge,thathaseverbeengatheredtogetherattheWhiteHouse,withthepossibleexceptionofwhenThomasJeffersondinedalone.”

2.JeffersonwasoneoftheVirginiarepresentativestotheSecondContinentalCongress.

3.Jefferson’smostillustriousliteraryachievementisthe“DeclarationofIndependence”（Weholdthesetruthstobeselfevident:

thatallmenarecreatedequal;人人生而平等thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights权利不可分割,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.）

CharlesBrockdenBrown1771-1810

1.CharlesBrockdenBrownwasthefirstprofessionalmanoflettersinAmerica.

2.Style:

gothicorromantic

3.WorkingunderEnglishinfluenceBrowngavetoAmericahisfirstgreatGothicromancesofwhichWielandisconsideredthestrongest.

AmericanLiteratureofRomanticEra1820-1865

Thewarof1812strengthenedtheAmericansenseofunityandofnationalidentity→confidence→romanticism

1820SydneySmithposedthequestion“Inthefourquartersoftheglobe,whoreadsanAmericanbook?

”

1820WashingtonIrving’sSketchBookappearedandprovedpopularinUSAandEngland.

3yearslater,WilliamCullenBryant’spoem“Thanatopsis”hadbeenpublishedintheNorthAmericanReview.

1823JamesFenimoreCooper’sfirstnovelaboutNattyBumppo（anIndiancharacter）,ThePioneers,waspublished.

4yearslater,EdgarAllanPoeissuedhisfirstcollectionofpoems.

（allthesewritersprovidedananswertoSmith’squestion,fortheyproducedliteraryworksthatwerenotonlyreadbyAmericansbutadmiredbyeducatedEuropeans.）

CooperandPoemadeimportantcontributionstoWesternliteratureandculture.

Cooper’sidyllic（田园诗的）descriptionsoflifeintheAmericanforestandhiscreationofNattyBumppo（anIndiansetanidealoflifefortheschoolboysofmanycountries.

Poe’scultivationofeffectsofterroranddespairinhistalesandpoemshadaprofoundeffectontheFrenchpoetandonmodernEuropeanpoetry.

AmericaremainedundertheculturaldominationofEnglandlongafterithadwonitspoliticalindependence.

ThestoryofAmericanliteratureintheearlypartofthenineteenthcenturyisthestoryofAmericanwriterstryingtoworkouttheirownculturaldestiny,tocreateadistinctiveliteratureseparatefromEnglishliterature,andtomakethisliteratureasignificantpartofthenationallife.

The18thcenturywasaclassicalperiodinanymusicandliterature

Thefirstpartofthe19thcenturywasdominatedbyRomanticism

Neartheendofthe18thcentury,theclassicismshiftedtoRomanticism.

Classicism:

regularityofgoodsense;moderation;thefinite;reason;thetradition;normal,universal;clarity,balanceandorder

Romanticism:

rageofincorrectness;imagination;theinfinite;emotion;original,strange,thedeeplypersonal;originality,emotional,sincerity.

Romanticism:

1.Anappealtoemotionratherthanreason.2.Aninterestinnature.3.Aninterestinthepicturesqueandunusual.4.Aspiritofnationalism.

OnecharacteristicoftheRomanticmovementbecamemoreandmoreimportant:

abeliefintheinnategoodnessoftheindividualman.Manaccordingtomanyromanticism,wasborngood.

1837EmersondeliveredanaddressatHarvardwhichhecalled“TheAmericanScholar”,whichisregardedasoneofthemostimportanteventsintheintellectuallifeofAmericanlife.

（heclaimedthatthebeginningofanewageinwhichAmericawouldbetheintellectualleaderoftheworldwouldcome.）

NewEnglandwasalivewiththeexcitementofideas,vitalizedbythesensethatitsculturalandintellectualtimehadcome.ThisperiodinAmericanliteraturehasbeencalledbysomescholarsthe“AmericanRenaissance”.

VanWyckBrooks:

TheFloweringofNewEngland.HasdescribedthecontributionoftheNewEnglandwritersofthisperiod.

AlthoughConcord,Massachusettswasasmalltown,thewritersandthinkerswhocongregatedtherehadamajorinfluenceontheintellectuallifeofAmerica.

TranscendentalClub:

Wordsworth,Coleridge,CarlyleandGoethe.

OneofthemostinfluentialmagazinesofthetimeTheDial,areeditedbyEmersonandMargaretFulleratdifferenttimes.

Thephilosophyoftranscendentalismwhichmembersoftheclubadvocated,hadavitaleffectonmanywritersofthetime,includingthosewhowereskepticaloropposedit.

CambridgeGroup:

HenryWordsworthLongfellow,OliverWendellHolmesandJamesRussellLowell.

Nineteenth-centurywriting,bothAmericanandEuropeanwasdominatedbythespiritofRomanticism,amovementthatflourishedinEuropeandhadasitsmanifestotheLyricalBallads.

LyricalBalladswaswrittenbyBritishpoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgein1798.ThebeginningoftheEnglishRomanticism.

Classicism:

thedominantphilosophyoftheAgeofReason,whichstressedreason,clarity,balanceandorderasvaluedbytheancientGreeksandRomans.

Romanticism:

itchampionedimagin