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英语写作手册英文版知识点doc
PartOne
ManuscriptForm
Youshoulddoeverything-writingthetitle,leavingmargins,
indenting,capitalizing.
Ⅰ.Arrangement排版
Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords（includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords）exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions（and,or,but,nor,for）,prepositions,andthetoininfinitives.
Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph,leavingaspaceofaboutfourorfiveletters.
Ⅱ.WordDivision移行
Thegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Payattentiontothefollowing:
One-syllablewordslikethrough,march,brainandpushedcannot
bedivided.
Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginning
ofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y.
Donotputatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likehat.ed,cab.in.
Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.
na,Aus.ten.
Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:
father-in-law,empty-handed.
Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:
pea.cock,re.
ally.
Donotdividethelastwordonapage.Instead,writethewhole
wordonthenextpage.
Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffix
andthebasepartoftheword:
re.state.ment,un.relent.ing.
Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:
strug.gle,shat.ter.
Dividingwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenindoubt,consultadictionary
Ⅲ.Capitalization大写
Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:
thefirstwordsofsentences,
keywordsintitles,andpropernames.
Ⅳ.Punctuation标点
V.Handwriting书法
Writecarefullysothatyourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.
PartTwo
Diction
措词
Ⅰ.LevelsofWords
词的类型
Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointof
view,intothreetypes:
formal,common,andinformal
.
Formalwordsmayalso
becalled
learnedwords,
orliterary
words,or"big"
words.Theymainly
appearin
formal
writing,
mostof
themare
seldomused
indailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.
thosethat
peopleuseeveryday,andappearin
allkinds
ofwriting.,
theyarecalled
commonwords.
Therearewordswhicharemainly
usedininformal
orfamiliar
conversation.
Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheirmain
useis
to
record
people's
thoughts
anddialogues.
Theyareusually
short
wordsofoneor
twosyllables
andmostofthem
are
of
Saxonorigin
Wemay
callthem
informal
words
Slangwordsarehighly
informal;
theymaybevivid
andinteresting,
but
theymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersound
offensiveorfunny
Ⅱ.TheMeaningofWords
词义
Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:
denotative
andconnotative.Aword's
denotation
iswhatit
literally
means,asdefined
bythedictionary;
its
connotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.
Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords
泛指词和特指词
Specificwordshelptomakewriting
clear,exact,vivid,andstriking
fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.
Ⅳ.Idioms
习语
Anidiomis
afixedgroupofwordswith
aspecial
meaningwhichis
different
fromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.
Idiomsarefrequently
usedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone's
languagesoundnatural
andidiomatic
.
Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech
修辞
Wordsusedintheir
original
meaningsareusedliterally,
while
wordsused
inextended
meaningsforthe
purposeofmakingcomparisonsor
callingup
picturesinthereader'sorlistener'smindareusedfiguratively.
1.Simile明喻Itis
acomparisonbetweentwodistinctly
differentthings
andthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.
2.Metaphor暗喻It
is
theuseofawordwhichoriginally
denotesonething
torefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.
3.Personification
拟人Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwere
humanorhadhumanqualities.
Inpoetrypersonificationisverycommon:
Inprosepersonificationisalso
used,though
notsooftenasinpoetry.
4.Metonymy转喻Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.
5.
Synecdoche提喻Whenapartissubstituted
forthewholeorthewhole
issubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied
6.
Euphemism委婉语Itisthesubstitution
of
amildorvagueexpression
foraharshorunpleasantone.
7.Irony反语Itistheuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.
8.Overstatement
andunderstatement
夸大和缩小Inoverstatementthe
dictionexaggeratesthesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplay
downthemagnitude
or
valueofthesubject.
Overstatement
is
alsocalled
hyperbole.
Bothaimat
the
sameeffect:
to
makethe
statementor
description
impressiveorinteresting.
9.Transferred
Epithet
移位修饰Anepithet
is
anadjective
ordescriptive
phrasethatservesto
characterizesomebodyor
something.
Atransferred
epithetisonethatisshiftedfromthenounitlogicallymodifiestoa
wordassociatedwiththatnoun.
10.Oxymoron矛盾修辞法Inoxymoronapparentlycontradictorytermsare
combinedtoproduceaspecialeffect.
11.Alliteration
押头韵Itreferstotheappearanceofthesameinitial
consonantsoundintwoormorewords.
Alliteration
issometimesusedin
prosefor
thesameeffect
-
tojointwo
ormorerelatedwords.
PartThree
TheSentence
Ⅰ.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments
Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubject
andapredicate（orfinite）verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremust
beanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeor
complement:
Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.
Ⅱ.TypesofSentences
1.Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentences
According
to
their
use,
sentences
are
declarative,
interrogative,
imperative,orexclamatory
.A
declarative
sentencemakesan
assertion
orastatement.
Aninterrogative
sentence
asksaquestion
.Animperative
sentenceexpressesacommandora
request.Anexclamatory
sentence
expresses
astrongfeelingoremotion
2.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentences
Accordingtotheir
structure
sentencesare
simple,compound,complex,
orcompound-complex.
Asimple
sentencehasonly
onesubjectandonepredicate-verb,
butit
maycontainmorethanoneobject,attribute
oradverbial.
Asentencewith
twoormoresubjectsorpredicate-verbs
Acompoundsentence
consists
oftwoormoreindependentclauses
（orsimple
sentences）
related
to
eachother
in
meaning,
andlinked
byacoordinating
conjunction
（and,
but,
or,
etc.）
or
byasemicolon
without
aconjunction.
Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,
ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.
Acomplex
sentencecontains
onemain
（orprincipal）
clauseandoneor
moredependent（or
subordinate）
clauses,with
aconnective
worddenoting
therelation
betweenthe
twoparts.
Thedependentclausemayplay
thepart
ofa
subject,
an
object,
a
predicative,
anattribute,
oran
adverbial
inthemainclause.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemain
clauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinate
clauses.
Acompound-complexsentencecontains
atleasttwomainclauses
andat
leastonedependentclause
-acombinationofacompoundandacomplex
sentence.
Shortsimplesentences
areoftenusedto
makeemphaticorimportant
statements,
suchasthe
first
sentenceofthefirst
passageandthe
last
twosentencesofthesecondpassage.
Longcomplexsentences
express
complexideas
clearlyandaccurately.
3.Loose,Periodic,andBalancedSentences
Fromarhetorical
point
of
view,
sentences
are
loose,
periodic
or
balanced.Aloosesentenceputsthe
mainideabefore
allsupplementary
information;
Thereverse
arrangementmakesaperiodic
sentence:
the
main
idea
isexpressed
atorneartheend
ofit,anditisnotgrammatically
completeuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitis
mainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.
Loosesentencesare
easier,simpler,morenatural
anddirect
;
periodic
sentencesaremore
complex,emphatic,formal,
orliterary.
Whenasentencecontains
twoormorepartsof
thesameformandgrammatical
function,itisonewithparallelconstructions.
Such
parallel
sentences
are
emphatic
and
forceful.
Whena
sentence
containstwoparallelclauses
similarinstructure
but
contrastedin
meaning,itisa
balanced
sentence.
Balancedsentencesare
impressive
becauseofthecontrast,andpleasing
tohearbecauseoftherhythm.Theyaremainlyusedin
formalwriting
likeexposi
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