BFT写作.docx

BFT写作.docx

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BFT写作

一遣词造句

1.1词的层次

从写作风格来讲，英文单词至少包含两个层次：

正式的和非正式的。

正式的词汇常出现在理论著作，文献档案，正式的演讲当中。

非正式的词汇又涉及到“普通用语”和“口头用语（俚语，方言等）”，其中后者在BFT写作考试中极少出现。

EXAMPLE1—词的层次

Thecostmaybeupwardsofafigureratherbelow$10million.

Thecostmaybenearly$10million.

Itmaycostabout$10million.

Willyoubegoodenoughtoadvisehimwhetherheshouldaccepttheinvitation?

Pleasetellhimwhetherheshouldaccepttheinvitation.

Lethimknowwhetherheacceptstheinvitationornot.

Werequestthehonorofyourpresence.

Weexpectthatyouwillbepresent.

Wehopeyoucome.

EXAMPLE2—1–正式用语

NationalsecurityadviserCondoleezzaRicetestifiesbeforethe9.11commissionThursdaymorningtorebutchargesthatBushadministrationfailedtorecognizetheemergingthreatofterrorismandlaterflubbeditsresponse.（CNN,April8）

EXAMPLE2—2--普通用语

Futureleadersneedtobefullofknowledge,energy,patience,andloveforgettinginvolvedaswellasenjoyinghelpingothersgetinvolved.

EXAMPLE3—1–正式用语

DearDr.JamesWallace:

IamanewstudentfromChinaandthisismyfirstweekatCentralIllinoisUniversity.WhileIamexcitedaboutbeginningmyacademicstudieshere,andwhiletheone-dayorientationwasveryhelpful,Iamstillfeelinglostandneedalotofhelp.Ihaveexperienceddifficultiesingettingtoplaces,buyingtextbooks,andfindingmyclassroomsbecausethecampusistoobig.Ibelievethatmanyotherstudentsmusthaveexperiencedthesamedifficulties.

…

EXAMPLE3—2–普通用语

DearQing:

GuesshowI’vespentmyfirstweekhere?

Likeaheadlessfly,driftingalongaimlessly.I’malreadyhomesick.Ah,howImissthespicybeefsoupyouusedtocook!

StillrememberthetimewespenttogetherclimbingtothetopoftheFragrantHill?

NowIunderstandwhatyoumeanby“East,west,homeisthebest.”Ireallymissyouandourson.HereIdon’tknowhowtodothesimplestthingsintheworld,likebuyingtextbooks,findingmyclassrooms.

…

EXAMPLE3—3—口头用语

I’llattendtothatmyselfinth’morning’.I’lllikekeero’im.Heain’tfromthiscountrynohow.I’llgodownthereinth’morning’andseeim.Lettin’youleaveyourbooksandgallivantalloverth’hills.Whatkindofaschoolisitnohow!

Didn’tdothat,myson,whenI’salittleshaverinschool.

辨别正式句子的特定标志

1.Participialphrases（分词短语）:

Badlydefeatedinthematch,theteamreturnedinlowspirits.

2.Nominativeabsoluteconstruction（名词性独立结构）:

Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent,itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.

3.Adjectival/adverbialphrasesplacedbeforethesubject（主语前面的形容词性/副词性短语）:

Afamousprofessorofbiology,Dr.Joneswasthenewpresidentofthecompany.

4.Parentheticalremarks（插入式说明）:

Allthepeoplepresent—ChairmanSmith,ProfessorBrown,Jamesandthesecretarysupportedthemotion.

5.Aseriesofnouns,verbs,oradjectives（名词，动词或形容词的并列连用）:

Shehasexperiencedlowandhate,griefandhappiness.

练习

I要求大家仔细对比以下各组词汇，并用他们造句，辨别它们的正式性与非正式性。

找出更多的例子。

Abandon—Quit

Review—Goover

Eccentric—Strange

Die—Passaway

Terminate—End

Construct—Setup

Identical—Same

Support—Backup

Cease—Stop

Investigate—Lookinto

Manipulate—Control

Shuttle—Shootup

Mission—Job

Orbit—Movearound

Remote—Far

Cancel—Calloff

…

…

…

…

以下是我们提供给大家的更多例子（大家可以从有英文解释的字典上再找一些）：

abandon---giveup

abdicate---giveup,resign

abridge---shorten

accompany---gowith

accomplish---carryout

accurate---correct

acknowledge---admit,expressthanksfor

acquire---gain

adjacent---nextto

alternation---change

anticipate---expect

approximately---about

assistance----help

attractive---pleasing

authentic---real

available---ready

II按照第一和第六题的例子，用自己的话改写句子，并与原句作比较。

1.Thecontestantsfocusedlessoncontentthanonlanguage（Formalwords:

contestants,content,language,focuson,lessthan）.

—Thespeakerspaymoreattentiontohowtheirspeechesweremadethantowhattheirspeechesareabout.（后者没有前者正式）

2.Shynessmaymeangreaterdiseaserisk（shyness,mean,disease,risk）.

3.Earth-boundlawiscomplicatedenough;imaginewhatit’slikewhenweventurefartherour（earth-bound,complicated,imagine,venture）.

4.Americanyouth,oncefamedforwell-nourished,areshrinking（youth,famedfor,well-nourished,shrinking）.

5.Today,beingcoolismoremulti-faceted,involvingeverythingfromspikesonone’sshoestothethingsonone’smobilephonescreen（multi-faceted,involving）.

6.PleaseletusknowifthereisonedoubleandtwosingleroomsinyourhotelfromMonday1MaythroughFriday5May.

—PleaseindicateifyouhaveonedoubleandtwosingleroomsavailablefromMonday1MaytoFriday5Mayinclusive.（后者包含一些更为正式的单词:

indicate,available,inclusive）

7.Sorry,wedon’thaveroomsviewingtheseaasyouneed.

8.We’lltakepartindisplayatCHINAINDUSTRIALFAIRandneedtobookroomsinyourhotelformycompanymembers.

9.LasttimeIenjoyedmystayinLiduHotelverymuch,andIliketohavetheroomsfacingquietlakeinthenearpark.

10.Whateverjobyouaredoing,dothingsaccordingtounwrittenrulesinanoffice.

III根据以下段落的文体选择适当的词。

Paragraph1:

Ontheformaloccasion（occasion/conditions）youshould_________（address/call）thechairmanorhostfirst,followedbythenamesortitlesofanyVIPsordignitariesin________（falling/descending）order.Forexample,“MadamChairman,Vice-governorLiu,PresidentLi,Vice-PresidentChen,ladiesandgentlemen.”

Paragraph2:

Whilethankingaspeaker,onbehalfofthe_________（listeners/audience）forhisorherspeech,youmay________（startwith/say）:

“Iamdelightedto__________（thank/been_______（privileged/glad）tohear.”

Paragraph3:

Whenyouaretointroducethespeakertotheaudience,speakfor2to4minutes,andmakesurethatyouhavethecorrectnameandinformation.“________（Itismygreatpleasure/I’mglad）towelcomeMr.Pantoouruniversity.Mr.PancomesfromHopeUniversity.Heisa__________（renownedauthority/well-knownscholar）onBusiness.Wearevery________（privileged/lucky）thathehasbeenableto________（get/spare）thetimetocometospeaktoustodayandweare______（hoping/lookingforward）tohearingwhathehastosay.PleasegiveMr.Panaverywarmwelcome.”

Paragraph4:

Astheworldgrowssmallerwithnewdevelopmentsincommunicationandinformationtechnology,leadershipeducationmustbe______（emphasized/paidmoreattentionto）and______（taught/addressed）froma_________（cross-cultural/nation-to-nation）andglobal_______（pointofview/perspective）.

Paragraph5:

AsanIRSworkerexplainedtome,“Almosteveryonewhocomesinhereis________（angry/hostile）.Insteadof______（takingoffense/makingthemunhappy）,we’vepostedbulletinboardswithcomicstripsthat_________（pokefun/makeajoke）attheIRS,whichwejokinglycalltheIncomeRemovalService.Whentaxpayersseethese,theirattitudes_________（becomebetter/changeforthebetter）.

1.2词的含义

正确理解一个词的含义对于在写作中熟练选择和使用这个词是极其重要的。

最好要弄懂这个词在英文中的内涵和外延。

一个词的内涵是指起表达的情感或概念，也可以通过上下文来理解。

因此，正确的区分同义词对于写作非常重要。

EXAMPLE1—同义词:

mistake,fault,shortcoming,error,defect,blunder

mistake:

Awrongthoughtoract.Itimpliescarelessness.Anyonecanmakeamistake.

fault:

Abadpoint,butnotofaseriousmoralkind.Itreferstobehaviorandcharacter.Hisonlyfaultisthathelacksambition.（findfaultwithsb./atfault）

shortcoming:

Weakness,failing.Itreferstofailuresordeficienciesinthingsaswellaspeople.InspiteofallhershortcomingsIstillthinkshe’soneofthebestteachersintheschool.

error:

Amistake（formal,sometimesliterary）.Itimpliesdeviationfromastandardofmodel.Theaccidentwascausedbyahumanerror.

defect:

sth.Lackingorimperfect.Itreferstoquality.Theradiowasreturnedbecauseofadefect.

blunder:

Averystupidorunnecessarymistake.Itimpliesignorance.Thisisthefatalblunderofhislife.

EXAMPLE2—同义词:

refute,counter,controvert

torefute:

toprovesth.Wrongwithargumentorevidence.Thiswordhasaformalsenseandlegalimplications.Youcanrefuteaperson,atheory,oranargument.

CondoleezzaRicegoesbeforethenationalcommissioninvestigatingthe9.11attacksonThursdaytorefuteClarke’sclaimthattheUSpresidentfoughtawaronterrorisminanineffectiveway.

FinancialTimes,April8

tocounter:

todefendoneselfagainstsomething.Differentfromrefute—implyingtheactofprovingsomethingwrong,counterpaysmoreemphasisonphysicalactofattacking,asclearlyshowninthecompoundadjective:

“counter-terrorismactivities”.HazelBlears,ajuniorministerinBritain’sHomeOffice,orinteriorministry,hasbeenputinchargeofthedepartment’scounter-terrorismactivities.

AFP,April8

tocontrovert:

todenythetruthofsomething.Itisformalandisgenerallyfoundinwrittenform.Itiscommonlyseeninthenegativeadjectiveform—incontrovertible,meaningundeniable.

Fortunatelyforhim,hiswifewasabletoprovideincontrovertibleevidencethathewasnowherenearthecrimesceneatthetimeofthemurder.

21stCentury

练习

I研究讨论以下的同义词

*period—time（s）—epoch—era—age

*fight—struggle—campaign—combat-battle—war

*painting—drawing—sketch—diagram—graph—illustration—draft—plan—elevation-chart

*crush-smash—crack—burst—shatter—crash

*shudder-shake—quiver—tremble—shiver—quake

II选择适当的词填空

A.occur—happen—takeplace

1.Mistakes_occurs_oneverypageinthisbook.

2.It_occur_tohimthatshehadnohistelephonenumber.

3.Theaccident__tookplace_onSaturdayafternoon.

4.Idon’texpectsuchthingmay_happen.

B.out—outer—outside

1.The________ofthehouseispaintedwhite.

2.Thechildiscuriousaboutanythingin_____space.

3.DidanyonecallmewhenIwas_________?

C.please—pleased—pleasant

1.Comewheneveryou______