GRE写作6分ISSUE范文.docx

GRE写作6分ISSUE范文.docx

《GRE写作6分ISSUE范文.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《GRE写作6分ISSUE范文.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

GRE写作6分ISSUE范文

第一类题材Study

Issue183

"Asweacquiremoreknowledge,thingsdonotbecomemorecomprehensible,butmorecomplexandmoremysterious."

Doesknowledgerenderthingsmorecomprehensible,ormorecomplexandmysterious?

Inmyviewtheacquisitionofknowledgebringsaboutallthreeatthesametime.

Thisparadoxicalresultisaptlyexplainedandillustratedbyanumberofadvancesinourscientificknowledge.Consider,forexample,thesonarsystemonwhichblindbatsrelytonavigateandespeciallytoseekprey.Researchershavelearnedthatthissystemisstartlinglysophisticated.Byemittingaudiblesounds,thenprocessingthereturningechoes,abatcandetermineinananosecondnotonlyhowfarawayitsmovingpreyisbutalsotheprey'sspeed,direction,sizeandevenspecie!

Thisknowledgeacquiredhelpsexplain,ofcourse,howbatsnavigateandsurvive.Yetatthesametimethisknowledgepointsouttheincrediblecomplexityoftheauditoryandbrainfunctionsofcertainanimals,evenofmerehumans,andcreatesacertainmysteryandwonderabouthowsuchsystemseverevolvedorganically.

Orconsiderourknowledgeoftheuniverse.Advancesintelescopeandspace-explorationtechnologyseemtocorroboratethetheoryofacontinuallyexpandinguniversethatbeganattheverybeginningoftimewitha"bigbang."Ononelevelthisknowledge,assumingitqualifiesassuch,helpsuscomprehendourplaceintheuniverseandourultimatedestiny.Yetontheotherhanditaddsyetanotherchaptertothemysteryaboutwhatexistedbeforetimeandtheuniverse.

Orconsidertheareaofatomicphysics.Thenakedhumaneyeperceivesverylittle,ofcourse,ofthecomplexityofmatter.Toourdistantancestorsthephysicalworldappearedsimple--seeminglycomprehensiblebymeansofsightandtouch.Thenbywayofscientificknowledgewelearnedthatallmatteriscomprisedofatoms,whicharefurthercomprisedofprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Thenwediscoveredanevenmorebasicunitofmattercalledthequark.Andnowanewso-called"string"theorypositstheexistenceofanevenmorefundamental,anduniversal,unitofmatter.Ontheonehand,thesediscoverieshaverenderedthingsmorecomprehensible,byexplainingandreconcilingempiricalobservationsofhowmatterbehaves.Thestringtheoryalsoreconcilesthediscrepancybetweenthequantumandwavetheoriesofphysics.Ontheotherhand,eachdiscoveryhasinturnrevealedthatmatterismorecomplexthanpreviouslythought.Infact,thestringtheory,whichistheoreticallysound,callsforsevenmoredimensions---inadditiontothethreewealreadyknowabout!

I'mhard-pressedtoimagineanythingmorecomplexormysterious.

Insum,thestatementoverlooksaparadoxaboutknowledgeacquired,atleastwhenitcomestounderstandingthephysicalworld.Whenthroughknowledgeathingbecomesmorecomprehensibleandexplainablewerealizeatthesametimethatitismorecomplexandmysteriousthanpreviouslythought.

第二类题材Society

Issue140

"Whatsocietyhasthoughttobeitsgreatestsocial,political,andindividualachievementshaveoftenresultedinthegreatestdiscontent."

Istronglyagreethatgreatachievementsoftenleadtogreatdiscontent.Infact,Iwouldassertmorespecificallythatgreatindividualachievementscancausediscontentfortheindividualachieverorforthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement,orboth.Nevertheless,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatwhetheragreatachievementcausesgreatdiscontentcandependonone'spersonalperspective,aswellastheperspectiveoftime.

Withrespecttoindividualachievements,greatachieversarebynatureambitiouspeopleandthereforetendtobedissatisfiedanddiscontentwiththeiraccomplishments—nomatterhowgreat.Greatathletesarecompelledtotrytobettertheirrecord-breakingperformances;greatartistsandmusicianstypicallyclaimthattheirgreatestworkwillbetheirnextone--asignofpersonaldiscontent.Andmanychildprodigies,especiallythosewhoachievesomemeasureoffameearlyinlife,latersufferpsychologicaldiscontentforhaving"peaked"soearly.Perhapstheparadigmaticmodernexampleofagreatachiever'sdiscontentwasEinstein,whosetheoreticalbreakthroughsinphysicsonlyraisednewtheoreticalconundrumswhichEinsteinhimselfrecognizedandspentthelasttwentyyearsofhislifestrugglingunsuccessfullytosolve.

Individualachievementscanoftenresultindiscontentonasocietallevel.ThegreatachievementoftheindividualscientistsresponsibleforthesuccessoftheManhattanProjectresultedinworldwideanxietyoverthethreatofnuclearannihilation--aformofdiscontentwithwhichtheworld'sdenizenswillforeverbeforcedtocope.Evenindividualachievementsthatatfirstglancewouldappeartohavebenefitedsocietyturnouttobecausesofgreatdiscontent.Considertheinventionoftheautomobile,alongwiththeinnovationsinmanufacturingprocessesandmaterialsthatmademassproductionpossible.Asaresultwehavebecomeasocietyenslavedtoourcars,relyingonthemascrutchesnotonlyfortransportationbutalsoforaffordingusafalsesenseofsocioeconomicstatus.Moreover,thedevelopmentofassembly-linemanufacturinghasservedtoalienateworkersfromtheirwork,whichmanypsychologistsagreecausesagreatdealofpersonaldiscontent.

Turningfromindividualachievementstosocietal,includingpolitical,achievements,theextenttowhichgreatachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentoftendependsonone'sperspective.Consider,forexample,America'sspiritofManifestDestinyduringthe19thCentury,orBritishImperialismoverthespanofseveralcenturies.FromtheperspectiveofanImperialist,conqueringotherlandsandpeoplesmightbeviewedasanunqualifiedsuccess.However,fromtheviewpointoftheindigenouspeopleswhosufferatthehandsofImperialists,theseso-called"achievements"arethesourceofwidespreadoppressionandmisery,andinturndiscontent,towhichanyobservantNativeAmericanorSouthAfricannativecouldattest.

Theextenttowhichgreatsocio-politicalachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentalsodependsontheperspectiveoftime.Forexample,F.D.R.'sNewDealwasandstillisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreatestsocialachievementsofthe20thCentury.However,wearejustnowbeginningtorealizethatthesocial-securitysystemthatwasanintegralpartofF.D.R.'ssocialprogramwillsoonresultingreatdiscontentamongthoseworkerscurrentlypayingintothesystembutunlikelytoseeanybenefitsaftertheyretire.

Tosumup,Iagreethatgreatachievements,bothindividualandsocio-political,oftenresultingreatdiscontent.Moreover,greatindividualachievementscanresultindiscontentforboththeindividualachieverandthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement.Nevertheless,inmeasuringtheextentofdiscontent,wemustaccountforvaryingpersonalandpoliticalperspectivesaswellasdifferenttimeperspectives.

第三类题材Science&Technology

Issue30

"Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'sefficiencysothateveryonehasmoreleisuretime."

Thespeakercontendsthattechnology'sprimarygoalshouldbetoincreaseourefficiencyforthepurposeofaffordingusmoreleisuretime.Iconcedethattechnologyhasenhancedourefficiencyaswegoaboutoureverydaylives.Productivitysoftwarehelpsusplanandcoordinateprojects;intranets,theInternet,andsatellitetechnologymakeusmoreefficientmessengers;andtechnologyevenhelpsusprepareourfoodandaccessentertainmentmoreefficiently.Beyondthisconcession,however,Ifindthespeaker'scontentionindefensiblefrombothanempiricalandanormativestandpoint.

Thechiefreasonformydisagreementliesintheempiricalproof:

withtechnologicaladvancementcomesdiminishedleisuretime.In1960theaverageU.S.familyincludedonlyonebreadwinner,whoworkedjustover40hoursperweek.Sincethentheaverageworkweekhasincreasedsteadilytonearly60hourstoday;andinmostfamiliestherearenowtwobreadwinners.Whatexplainsthisdeclineinleisuredespiteincreasingefficiencythatnewtechnologieshavebroughtabout?

Icontendthattechnologyitselfistheculpritbehindthedecline.Weusetheadditionalfreetimethattechnologyaffordsusnotforleisurebutratherforwork.Ascomputertechnologyenablesgreaterandgreaterofficeproductivityitalsoraisesouremployers'expectations--ordemands--forproduction.Furthertechnologicaladvancesbreedstillgreaterefficiencyand,inturn,expectations.Ourspiralingworkloadisonlyexacerbatedbythecompetitivebusinessenvironmentinwhichnearlyallofusworktoday.Moreover,everytechnologicaladvancedemandsourtimeandattentioninordertolearnhowtousethenewtechnology.Timedevotedtokeepingpacewithtechnologydepletestimeforleisureactivities.

Idisagreewiththespeakerforanotherreasonaswell:

thesuggestionthattechnology'schiefgoalshouldbetofacilitateleisureissimplywrongheaded.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologycanandshouldaddress.Advancesinbio-technologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsafer,lessinvasivediagnosisandtreatment;advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,roads,bridgesandvehicles;informationtechnologyenableseducationwhilecommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationinthedemocraticprocess.Inshort,health,safety,education,andfreedom--andnotleisure--aretheproperfinalobjectivesoftechnology.Admittedly,advancesintheseareassometimesinvolveimprovedefficiency;yet