会计专业英语教案一.docx
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会计专业英语教案一
CHAPTER1:
INTRODUCTION
1.TYPESOFBUSINESSOWNERSHIP
Aswithtypesofbusinesses,thewayinwhichtheaccountinginformationisreportedwilldependonthetypeofownership.
Themaintypesofownershipare:
Soleproprietor
Thisisonepersoninbusinessonhisorherown.Theownergetstomakeallthedecisionsbuthasnootherownerofthebusinesstoconsultifneeded.Theowneralsogetstokeepalltheprofitsbut,ifthebusinessshouldfail,theownernotonlylosesthebusinessbutallhisorherpersonalpossessionsaswelluntilthedebtsaresatisfied.Asoleproprietorhasunlimitedliability.Itisalsomoredifficulttoobtainfinanceforasoleproprietorbusiness.Nevertheless,mostbusinessesbeginlifeundersoleproprietorownership.
Partnership
Underthistypeofownership,twoormorepeopledecidetopooltheirskillsandresourcesandgointobusinesstogether.Apartnership,likeasoleproprietorship,hasunlimitedliability.Indeed,onepartnermayberesponsibleforgettingthepartnershipintodebtbutanotherpartnermayhavetopaythosedebtsoutoftheirpersonalfunds.Apartnershiptypeofownershipiscommonamonglawyersanddoctorsastheyareboundbytheethicsoftheirprofessiontosufferunlimitedliability.Accountantscannowformcompanies,withtheexceptionofAuditors.
Company
Animportantfeatureofacompanyisthatitisaseparatelegalentityfromitsowners(shareholders).Sincethecompanyisalegalentityinitsownright,itisresponsibleforitsowndebtsandlosses.Thismeansthatoncetheshareholdershavepaidwhattheyagreedtopayfortheshares,theirobligationtothecompanyandthecompany’screditorsissatisfied.Thisisofgreatimportancetotheshareholderssincetheyknowtheirliabilityislimited.
Anotherfeatureofacompanyisthatitslifeisnotlimitedbythelifeoftheshareholders.Sharesmaybesoldbyanexistingshareholdertoanotherpersonwhowishestobecomeashareholder.Whenashareholderdies,thatperson’ssharespasstothebeneficiaryofhisorherestate.
COMPARISONOFOWNERSHIP
SoleProprietorPartnershipCompany
LegalStatusofNotaseparateNotaseparateSeparatelegal
BusinessEntitylegalentitylegalentityentity
RiskofOwner’spersonalPartners’personalLimitedliability
Ownershipassetsatriskassetsatrisk
DurationExpiresbyowner’sExpiresbychoicePerpetual
ofLifechoiceordeathoforwithdrawalofsuccession
ownerpartner
TransferabilityIfproprietorsellsPartnershipshareUsually
ofOwnershiphisinterest,thecannotbesoldtransferable
Interestsbusinessiswithoutagreement
reconstitutedofotherpartners:
undernewnewpartnership
ownershipformed
SourcesofOwner’sfundsandPartners’fundsShares,
Financeloansandloansdebentures,
loans
ProfitAllaccruetoSharedaccordingDividends
Sharingownertopartnershipdeclaredby
agreementordirectors
PartnershipAct1908
OwnershipOneownerTwoormoreOneormore
CapitalProvidedbyPartnerscontributeDividedinto
owneraccordingtoshares
partnershipagreement
LiabilityforUnlimitedUnlimitedLimitedto
firm’sdebtstheamount
outstandingon
sharecapital
ManagementOwnerEachpartnerAppointedbyshareholders
2.UsersofFinancialInformation
InternalUsers
⏹Managerswhoplan,organizeandrunabusiness
⏹Marketingmanagers
⏹Productionsupervisors
⏹Financedirectors
⏹Companyofficers
External
⏹Investors
⏹Creditors
⏹Others
⏹Regulatoryagencies
⏹Taxauthorities
⏹Customers
⏹LaborUnions
⏹Economicplanners
3.TypesofBusinessActivity
FinancingActivities
⏹Borrowingcreatesliabilities
⏹Bankloans
⏹Debtsecurities
⏹Goodsoncreditorpayables
⏹Sellingstockcreatesstockholders’equity
InvestingActivities
⏹Obtainingresourcesorassetstooperatethebusiness
⏹Land
⏹Buildings
⏹Vehicles
⏹Computers
⏹Furniture
⏹Equipment
OperatingActivities
⏹Primaryactivityofbusiness
Sellinggoods
Providingservices
Manufacturing
CostofSales
Advertising
Payingemployees
Payingutilities
OperatingActivities
Revenuesaretheincreasesinassetsresultingfromthesaleofaproductorservice
Expensesarethecostofassetsconsumedorservicesusedingeneratingrevenue.
Ifrevenue>expense=NetIncome
Ifrevenue4.ContentandPurposeofFinancialStatements
⏹Accountantscommunicatewithusersthroughfourfinancialstatements
TheObjectiveofFinancialStatements
⏹Theobjectiveoffinancialstatementsistoprovideinformationaboutthefinancialposition,performanceandchangesinfinancialpositionofanenterprisethatisusefultoawiderangeofusersinmakingeconomicdecisions.
FourFinancialStatements
⏹IncomeStatement
⏹RetainedEarningsStatement
⏹BalanceSheet
⏹StatementofCashFlows
THEINCOMESTATEMENT
PURPOSEOFTHEINCOMESTATEMENT
ThepurposeoftheIncomeStatementistoreporttheresultsofthebusinessoperationsforagivenperiodoftime,calledtheAccountingPeriod.
ItmeasuresProfit(orLoss)fortheperiodbydeductingExpensesfromIncome,usingtheformula
INCOME–EXPENSES=PROFIT(LOSS)FORTHEPERIOD
USESOFTHEINCOMESTATEMENT
∙Managersallocateresourcesbasedontheperformanceofthebusiness
∙Itcanbeusedtodiscoverifthebusinessismaintaininganadequatemarginonsales
∙TheInlandRevenueDepartment(IRD)usesittoassesstaxationliability
∙Unionsmayexamineitaspartofsalarydiscussions
∙Investorsareinterestedinjudgingtheperformanceofthebusinesstoassessthemanagementperformance,andtojudgebothfuturebusinesssuccessandreturnoninvestment
∙Itcanbesubmittedtobanksinsupportofaloanapplication,toassistbankstojudgeincomepotential(torepaytheloan!
)
∙Externalusers,inparticular,canassess
oInvestmentvalue(isthereagoodreturnonassets?
)
oCreditworthiness(isthebusinessearningenoughtopaysuppliers?
)
oAbilitytoearnincome
∙Overallitisusefulinevaluatingthepastperformanceofthebusiness
CLASSIFYINGTHEINCOMESTATEMENT
Incomecanbeclassifiedas
a)Revenue(or,foratradingorganisation,TradingRevenue)and
b)OtherIncome
Revenueisallrevenueincludedindeterminingtheoperatingprofitoftheperiod,andisthemainsourceofrevenueforthefirm.Forexample,foratradingbusinessthiswilbethesaleofgoods.
OtherIncomeissupplementaryrevenues,notfromthemainactivitiesofthefirm,\.Forexamplerentingoutsomesparewarehousespace.
Expensescanbeclassifiedas
a)TradingExpenses
b)SellingandDistributionExpenses
c)AdministrativeExpenses
d)FinancialExpenses
e)OtherExpenses
Expensesmaybefurtherclassifiedintovariousgroupsthatsuitaparticularbusiness.Eachgroupcontainstypesofexpensesthathaveasimilarnature.Acommonclassificationis:
a)TradingExpenses-thosethatrelatedirectlytobringingthegoodsintothebusinessforresale.
Forexamplecustomsduty,cartageinwards,packaging.
b)Sellinganddistributionexpenses–thoseexpensesincurredtoincreasethesalesofabusinessanddistributetheproducttothecustomers.
Forexamplesalessalariesandwages,advertising,salesvanexpenses,cartageoutwards.
c)Administrativeexpenses–thoseexpensesincurredinordertoorganiseabusiness.
Forexampleelectricity,rates,telephone,rent,officesalariesandwages,insurance,accountancyfees.
d)Financialexpenses–thoseexpensesincurredinfinancingthebusiness.
Forexamplebaddebts,interestonloan,interestonmortgage,discountallowed.
ExamplesofOtherExpensesarelossonsaleofproperty,donations
RetainedEarningsStatement(alsocalledchangesinequity)
⏹Showschangesinretainedearningsforperiod:
month,quarter,year
⏹Beginningbalance
⏹AddNetIncomefromincomestatement.
⏹DeductDividends
⏹Endingbalance
ForaSoleProprietor,TheCapital,orEquity,thatshowsontheTrialBalanceistheOPENINGCapital.TransactionsoccurduringthefinancialyearthatwillaffecttheEquity,causingittohaveincreasedordecreasedbytheendofthefinancialyear.ThechangefromOpeningtoClosingCapitalisusuallyshownwithintheEquitysectionatthebottomoftheBalanceSheet,asshowninthefollowingexampleforRichard’sRhubarbShop:
EXAMPLE:
AccountsPayable35,000
AccountsReceivable45,000
BankLoanLongTerm175,000
BankOverdraft21,000
Land(cost)195,000
Inventory213,000
Cashonhand2,000
SharesinotherCompanies8,000
Goodwill5,000
Capital(opening)238,800
Drawings10,200
OtherInformation:
Profitfortheyearended31March2016was$8,400
Required:
CompleteafullyclassifiedBalanceSheet
ANSWER:
Richard’sRhubarbShop
BalanceSheetasat31March2016
$$$
CurrentAssets
CashonHand2,000
AccountsReceivable45,000
Inventory213,000260,000
Non-CurrentAssets
Property,PlantandEquipment
Land195,000
Investments
Sharesinothercompanies8,000
Intangibles
Goodwill5,000208,000
TotalAssets468,000
CurrentLiabilities
BankOverdraft21,000
AccountsPayable35,00056,000
Non-CurrentLiabilities
BankLoan175,000
TotalLiabilities231,000
NETASSETS$237,000
EQUITY
Capital(opening)238,800
Plus:
Profitfortheperiod8,400
247,200
Less:
Drawings10,200
Capital(closing)$237,000
THEBALANCESHEET
THEPURPOSEOFTHEBALANCESHEET
ThepurposeoftheBalanceSheetistoshowthefinancialpositionofabusinessataparticularpointoftime.
Itreportstheassetsofthebusinessandhowtheseassetshavebeenfunded.Theassetscanbefundedbyliabilities(externalfunding)orowner’sequity(inter