商务英语复习资料.docx
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商务英语复习资料
回答问题:
ContractDefinition(合同的定义):
Briefly,contractisapromiseenforceablebylawwhichmaybetodosomethingortorefrainfromdoingsomething.Itrequiresthemutualassentoftwoormorepersons,oneofthemmakinganorderandanotheraccepting.Ifoneofthemfailstokeepthepromise,theotherwilltakealegalactionagainsthim.
Inadditionto,contractalsohasdifferentforms,itcanbemadebyverbalform,writtenformoraformexpecttwooftheformerforms,bothpartieswillliveuptotheirwords.Forlargeorimportantdeals,formalcontractshouldbewrittenwithdetailedconditionsagreeduponbythepartiesconcerned.
OperationofCommercialLetterofCredit:
(信用证的八个流通程序)
(1)Theimporterappliestothisbanktoopenaletterofcreditinfavouroftheexporter.
(2)Theimporter’sbankopensaletterofcreditandsendsittoitscorrespondentbankintheexporter’scountry.Theimporter’sbankiscalledtheissuingbankbecauseitissuestheL/C.
(3)Theexporter’sbankreceivetheL/Cfromtheissuingbankandpassesitontotheexporter.ThisisthenotifyingbankbecauseitnotifiestheexporterandforwardtheL/Ctohim.
(4)Theexportercompletestheshipmentandpreparesthedraft(sightdraft)andallshippingdocuments.Hesendsthemtothenotifyingbankfornegotiationofpayment,i.e.askingforpayment.Thenotifyingbanknowhelpsnowhelpstheexportertomakearrangementtogetpayment.
(5)Thedraftandshippingdocumentsarenowsentbythenotifyingbanktotheissuingbankforpayment.
(6)Theissuingbankreceivesthedraftandshippingdocumentsandgivesthemtotheimporter.
(7)Theissuingbankwhichisnowcalledthepayingbankremitsthemoneytothenotifyingbank.
(8)Thenotifyingbankreceivesthemoneyandgivesittotheexporter.
FreeFromParticularAverage(F.P.A)(平安险的十条内容)
Thisinsurancecovers:
(1)TotalorConstructiveTotalLossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities-heavyweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeandflood.Incaseaconstructivetotallossisclaimedfor,theInsuredshallabandontotheCompanythedamagedgoodsandallhisrightsandtitlepertainingthereto.Thegoodsoneachlightertoorfromtheseagoingvesselshallbedeemedaseparaterisk.
“ConstructiveTotalLoss”referstolosswhereanactualtotallossappearstobeunavoidableorthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthePolicywouldexceedtheirvalueonarrival.
(2)TotalorPartialLosscausedbyaccidents–thecarryingconveyancebeinggrounded,stranded,sunkorincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjectsaswellasfireorexplosion.
(3)Partiallosstheinsuredgoodsattributabletoheavyweather,lightningand/ortsunami,wheretheconveyancehasbeengrounded,stranded,sunkorburnt,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventoreventstookplacebeforeoraftersuchaccident.
(4)Partialortotallossconsequentonfallingofentirepackageorpackagesintoseaduringloading,transshipmentordischarge.
(5)ReasonablecostincurredbytheInsuredinsalvagingthegoodsoravertingorminimizingalossrecoverableunderthePolicy,providedthatsuchcostshallnotexceedthesuminsuredoftheconsignmentsosaved.
(6)Lossesattributabletodischargeoftheinsuredgoodsataportofdistressfollowingaseaperilaswellaschargesarisingfromloading,warehousingandforwardingofthegoodsatanintermediatedportofcallorrefuge.
(7)SacrificeinandContributiontoGeneralAverageandSalvageCharges.
(8)SuchproportionoflossessustainedbytheshipownersasistobereimbursedbytheCargoOwnersundertheContractofAffreightment“BothtoBlameCollision”clause.
TypesofB/L(提单的种类)
1、ReceivedforShipmentB/L备运提单
OnBoardB/L已装船提单
2、CleanB/L(Nodocument)清洁提单
UncleanB/L(document)不清洁提单
3、StaightB/L记名提单
OpenB/L空白提单
OrderB/L指示提单
4、DirectB/L直达/直航提单
TransshipmentB/L转船/转运提单
ThroughB/L联运提单
MTDB/L多式提单
5、LongFormB/L繁/详式提单
ShortFormB/L简/略式提单
6、StaleB/L过期提单
AntedatedB/L倒签提单
AdvancedB/L提签提单
信用证种类
一、按基本性质分类
A.根据是否要求受益人提交单据
DocumentaryCredit跟单信用证
CleanCredit光票信用证
B.根据开证行的责任
IrrevocableLetterofCredit不可撤销信用证
RevocableLetterofCredit可撤销信用证
C.根据是否有另一家银行为信用证加保
SightL/C即期信用证
Usance/timeL/C远期信用证
AcceptanceL/C承兑信用证
NegotiationL/C议付信用证
二.按附加性质分类
Transferablecredit可转让信用证
Non-Transferablecredit不可转让信用证
Revolvingcredit循环信用证
Reciprocalcredit对开信用证
Backtobackcredit背对背信用证
StandbyL/C备用信用证
RedclauseL/C红条款信用证
合同种类
1.CommodityTrade:
SalesConfirmationS/C买卖合同
AgencyContract代理合同
ConsignmentContract寄售合同
BarterContract易货合同
CompensationTradeContract补偿贸易合同
Completesetsofequipmentimportcontract成套设备进口合同
ExclusiveSale包销合同
Custodiancontract保管合同
2.LabourService:
EngineeringContract工程承包合同
ProjectCooperationContract工程合作合同
LaborCooperationContract劳务合作合同
ProcessingwithCustomer’sMaterialsContract来料加工合同
Contractforwork承揽合同
ProcessingContract加工装配合同
ShipRepairContract船舶修理合同
3.Science&Technology:
TechnologicalDevelopmentContract技术开发合同
TechnicalCooperationContract技术合作合同
TechnicalContract技术引进合同
TechnologyTransferContract技术转让合同
PatentLicensingImplementationoftheContract专利许可实施合同
4.Investment:
Sino-foreignJointVentureEnterpriseContract中外合资经营企业合同
Sino-foreignCooperativeEnterprisesContract中外合作经营业务合同
ProductionCooperationContract合作生产合同
ContractforPermittingtheuseoftheTrademark商标使用许可合同
5.CapitalFinancing:
CommercialCreditContract商业信贷合同
BankCreditContract银行信贷合同
CompensationTradeContract补偿贸易贷款合同
TechnologyLoanContract引进技术贷款合同
ImportEquipmentContract进口设备贷款合同
InfrastructureProjectsLoanContract基建工程项目贷款合同
DevelopmentFundLoanContract开发基金贷款合同
FundLoanContractAgreement协议基金贷款合同
SpecialLoanContract专项贷款合同
Others:
GuaranteeContracts保证合同
InsuranceContract保险合同
CommissioningContract委托合同
LeaseContract租赁合同
LaborContract职工劳动合同
TrainingContract培训合同
AdvertisingContract登刊广告合同
ContractArbitrationContract仲裁合同
ContractManagementContact经营管理
名词解释
FOB:
FreeonBoard(船上交货价格)
FreeonBoardmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassedovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.
CFR:
COSTANDFREIGHT(成本加运费价格)
CostandFreightmeansthatthesellersmustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthenamedportofdestinationbuttherisksoflossofdamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboardthevessel,istransferredfromthesellerstothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srailintheportofshipment.
CIF:
COST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT(成本保险加运费价格)
Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobligationsasunderCFRbutwiththeadditionthathehastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.
WarehousetoWarehouseClauses(舱至舱条款):
ThisinsuranceattachesfromthetimethegoodsherebyinsuredleavethewarehouseorplaceofstoragenamedinthePolicyforthecommencementofthetransitandcontinuesinforceintheordinarycourseoftransitincludingsea,landandinlandwaterwaytransitinlighteruntiltheinsuredgoodsaredeliveredtotheconsignee’sfinalwarehouseorplaceofstorageatthedestinationnamedinthePolicyortoanyotherplaceusedbytheInsuredforallocationordistributionofthegoodsorforstorageotherthanintheordinarycourseofthetransit.
Proformainvoice(形式发票):
Itisreallyatermofquotationtoapotentialbuyer,invitinghimtobuythegoodsonthetermsstated,theinvoiceclearlystatesthatitisproformaandifitisaccepted,thedetailsarenormallytransferredtoacommercialinvoiceagainstwhichpaymentwillbemade,althoughinsomecasespaymentwillbemadeagainstaproformainvoice,wherepaymentforthegoodsisrequiredbeforedispatchproformainvoicesaresometimesrequiredbythebuyerinorderthathemayobtainanimportlicenseandforexchangecontrolapprovedtomakepaymentforthegoods,andpossiblytoprepareadocumentaryorder.
TotalorConstructiveTotalLoss(推定全损):
TotalorConstructiveTotalLossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities-heavyweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeandflood.Incaseaconstructivetotallossisclaimedfor,theInsuredshallabandontotheCompanythedamagedgoodsandallhisrightsandtitlepertainingthereto.Thegoodsoneachlightertoorfromtheseagoingvesselshallbedeemedaseparaterisk.
“ConstructiveTotalLoss”referstolosswhereanactualtotallossappearstobeunavoidableorthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthePolicywouldexceedtheirvalueonarrival.
LetterofCredit:
aletteraddressedtothesellers,writtenandsignedbyabank,asawrittenengagementactingonbehalfofacustomer.Ifthesellerconformsexactlytothespecificconditionssetforthintheletterofcreditthebankpromisesthatthedraftsbythebenifaty,uptoatotalofthestartedamount,willbehonored.
Claim(索赔):
Ifthequalityofthegoods,quantityandpackingarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthecontract,aclaimislodged,Claimsforlatedeliverycanalsobemade.IfthebuyerdoesnotopentherelativeL\Contime,thesellermaylodgeaclaimforit.
Arbitration(仲