商务英语复习资料.docx

商务英语复习资料.docx

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商务英语复习资料

回答问题：

ContractDefinition（合同的定义）:

Briefly,contractisapromiseenforceablebylawwhichmaybetodosomethingortorefrainfromdoingsomething.Itrequiresthemutualassentoftwoormorepersons,oneofthemmakinganorderandanotheraccepting.Ifoneofthemfailstokeepthepromise,theotherwilltakealegalactionagainsthim.

Inadditionto,contractalsohasdifferentforms,itcanbemadebyverbalform,writtenformoraformexpecttwooftheformerforms,bothpartieswillliveuptotheirwords.Forlargeorimportantdeals,formalcontractshouldbewrittenwithdetailedconditionsagreeduponbythepartiesconcerned.

OperationofCommercialLetterofCredit:

（信用证的八个流通程序）

（1）Theimporterappliestothisbanktoopenaletterofcreditinfavouroftheexporter.

（2）Theimporter’sbankopensaletterofcreditandsendsittoitscorrespondentbankintheexporter’scountry.Theimporter’sbankiscalledtheissuingbankbecauseitissuestheL/C.

（3）Theexporter’sbankreceivetheL/Cfromtheissuingbankandpassesitontotheexporter.ThisisthenotifyingbankbecauseitnotifiestheexporterandforwardtheL/Ctohim.

（4）Theexportercompletestheshipmentandpreparesthedraft（sightdraft）andallshippingdocuments.Hesendsthemtothenotifyingbankfornegotiationofpayment,i.e.askingforpayment.Thenotifyingbanknowhelpsnowhelpstheexportertomakearrangementtogetpayment.

（5）Thedraftandshippingdocumentsarenowsentbythenotifyingbanktotheissuingbankforpayment.

（6）Theissuingbankreceivesthedraftandshippingdocumentsandgivesthemtotheimporter.

（7）Theissuingbankwhichisnowcalledthepayingbankremitsthemoneytothenotifyingbank.

（8）Thenotifyingbankreceivesthemoneyandgivesittotheexporter.

FreeFromParticularAverage（F.P.A）（平安险的十条内容）

Thisinsurancecovers:

（1）TotalorConstructiveTotalLossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities-heavyweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeandflood.Incaseaconstructivetotallossisclaimedfor,theInsuredshallabandontotheCompanythedamagedgoodsandallhisrightsandtitlepertainingthereto.Thegoodsoneachlightertoorfromtheseagoingvesselshallbedeemedaseparaterisk.

“ConstructiveTotalLoss”referstolosswhereanactualtotallossappearstobeunavoidableorthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthePolicywouldexceedtheirvalueonarrival.

（2）TotalorPartialLosscausedbyaccidents–thecarryingconveyancebeinggrounded,stranded,sunkorincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjectsaswellasfireorexplosion.

（3）Partiallosstheinsuredgoodsattributabletoheavyweather,lightningand/ortsunami,wheretheconveyancehasbeengrounded,stranded,sunkorburnt,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventoreventstookplacebeforeoraftersuchaccident.

（4）Partialortotallossconsequentonfallingofentirepackageorpackagesintoseaduringloading,transshipmentordischarge.

（5）ReasonablecostincurredbytheInsuredinsalvagingthegoodsoravertingorminimizingalossrecoverableunderthePolicy,providedthatsuchcostshallnotexceedthesuminsuredoftheconsignmentsosaved.

（6）Lossesattributabletodischargeoftheinsuredgoodsataportofdistressfollowingaseaperilaswellaschargesarisingfromloading,warehousingandforwardingofthegoodsatanintermediatedportofcallorrefuge.

（7）SacrificeinandContributiontoGeneralAverageandSalvageCharges.

（8）SuchproportionoflossessustainedbytheshipownersasistobereimbursedbytheCargoOwnersundertheContractofAffreightment“BothtoBlameCollision”clause.

TypesofB/L（提单的种类）

1、ReceivedforShipmentB/L备运提单

OnBoardB/L已装船提单

2、CleanB/L（Nodocument）清洁提单

UncleanB/L（document）不清洁提单

3、StaightB/L记名提单

OpenB/L空白提单

OrderB/L指示提单

4、DirectB/L直达/直航提单

TransshipmentB/L转船/转运提单

ThroughB/L联运提单

MTDB/L多式提单

5、LongFormB/L繁/详式提单

ShortFormB/L简/略式提单

6、StaleB/L过期提单

AntedatedB/L倒签提单

AdvancedB/L提签提单

信用证种类

一、按基本性质分类

A．根据是否要求受益人提交单据

DocumentaryCredit跟单信用证

CleanCredit光票信用证

B．根据开证行的责任

IrrevocableLetterofCredit不可撤销信用证

RevocableLetterofCredit可撤销信用证

C．根据是否有另一家银行为信用证加保

SightL/C即期信用证

Usance/timeL/C远期信用证

AcceptanceL/C承兑信用证

NegotiationL/C议付信用证

二．按附加性质分类

Transferablecredit可转让信用证

Non-Transferablecredit不可转让信用证

Revolvingcredit循环信用证

Reciprocalcredit对开信用证

Backtobackcredit背对背信用证

StandbyL/C备用信用证

RedclauseL/C红条款信用证

合同种类

1.CommodityTrade：

SalesConfirmationS/C买卖合同

AgencyContract代理合同

ConsignmentContract寄售合同

BarterContract易货合同

CompensationTradeContract补偿贸易合同

Completesetsofequipmentimportcontract成套设备进口合同

ExclusiveSale包销合同

Custodiancontract保管合同

2.LabourService:

EngineeringContract工程承包合同

ProjectCooperationContract工程合作合同

LaborCooperationContract劳务合作合同

ProcessingwithCustomer’sMaterialsContract来料加工合同

Contractforwork承揽合同

ProcessingContract加工装配合同

ShipRepairContract船舶修理合同

3.Science&Technology:

TechnologicalDevelopmentContract技术开发合同

TechnicalCooperationContract技术合作合同

TechnicalContract技术引进合同

TechnologyTransferContract技术转让合同

PatentLicensingImplementationoftheContract专利许可实施合同

4.Investment:

Sino-foreignJointVentureEnterpriseContract中外合资经营企业合同

Sino-foreignCooperativeEnterprisesContract中外合作经营业务合同

ProductionCooperationContract合作生产合同

ContractforPermittingtheuseoftheTrademark商标使用许可合同

5.CapitalFinancing:

CommercialCreditContract商业信贷合同

BankCreditContract银行信贷合同

CompensationTradeContract补偿贸易贷款合同

TechnologyLoanContract引进技术贷款合同

ImportEquipmentContract进口设备贷款合同

InfrastructureProjectsLoanContract基建工程项目贷款合同

DevelopmentFundLoanContract开发基金贷款合同

FundLoanContractAgreement协议基金贷款合同

SpecialLoanContract专项贷款合同

Others:

GuaranteeContracts保证合同

InsuranceContract保险合同

CommissioningContract委托合同

LeaseContract租赁合同

LaborContract职工劳动合同

TrainingContract培训合同

AdvertisingContract登刊广告合同

ContractArbitrationContract仲裁合同

ContractManagementContact经营管理

名词解释

FOB:

FreeonBoard（船上交货价格）

FreeonBoardmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassedovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.

CFR:

COSTANDFREIGHT（成本加运费价格）

CostandFreightmeansthatthesellersmustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthenamedportofdestinationbuttherisksoflossofdamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboardthevessel,istransferredfromthesellerstothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srailintheportofshipment.

CIF:

COST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT（成本保险加运费价格）

Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobligationsasunderCFRbutwiththeadditionthathehastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.

WarehousetoWarehouseClauses（舱至舱条款）:

ThisinsuranceattachesfromthetimethegoodsherebyinsuredleavethewarehouseorplaceofstoragenamedinthePolicyforthecommencementofthetransitandcontinuesinforceintheordinarycourseoftransitincludingsea,landandinlandwaterwaytransitinlighteruntiltheinsuredgoodsaredeliveredtotheconsignee’sfinalwarehouseorplaceofstorageatthedestinationnamedinthePolicyortoanyotherplaceusedbytheInsuredforallocationordistributionofthegoodsorforstorageotherthanintheordinarycourseofthetransit.

Proformainvoice（形式发票）:

Itisreallyatermofquotationtoapotentialbuyer,invitinghimtobuythegoodsonthetermsstated,theinvoiceclearlystatesthatitisproformaandifitisaccepted,thedetailsarenormallytransferredtoacommercialinvoiceagainstwhichpaymentwillbemade,althoughinsomecasespaymentwillbemadeagainstaproformainvoice,wherepaymentforthegoodsisrequiredbeforedispatchproformainvoicesaresometimesrequiredbythebuyerinorderthathemayobtainanimportlicenseandforexchangecontrolapprovedtomakepaymentforthegoods,andpossiblytoprepareadocumentaryorder.

TotalorConstructiveTotalLoss（推定全损）:

TotalorConstructiveTotalLossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities-heavyweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeandflood.Incaseaconstructivetotallossisclaimedfor,theInsuredshallabandontotheCompanythedamagedgoodsandallhisrightsandtitlepertainingthereto.Thegoodsoneachlightertoorfromtheseagoingvesselshallbedeemedaseparaterisk.

“ConstructiveTotalLoss”referstolosswhereanactualtotallossappearstobeunavoidableorthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthePolicywouldexceedtheirvalueonarrival.

LetterofCredit:

aletteraddressedtothesellers,writtenandsignedbyabank,asawrittenengagementactingonbehalfofacustomer.Ifthesellerconformsexactlytothespecificconditionssetforthintheletterofcreditthebankpromisesthatthedraftsbythebenifaty,uptoatotalofthestartedamount,willbehonored.

Claim（索赔）:

Ifthequalityofthegoods,quantityandpackingarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthecontract,aclaimislodged,Claimsforlatedeliverycanalsobemade.IfthebuyerdoesnotopentherelativeL\Contime,thesellermaylodgeaclaimforit.

Arbitration（仲