广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献.docx

广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献.docx

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广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献

广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

外文:

Communicatinguncertainty-howAustraliantelevisionreportedH1N1riskin2009:

acontentanalysis

【AndreaSFogarty1,KateHolland2,MichelleImison1,RWarwickBlood2,SimonChapman1*andSimonHolding1】

Abstract

1.Background:

Healthofficialsfaceparticularchallengesincommunicatingwiththepublicaboutemerginginfectiousdiseasesofunknownseveritysuchasthe2009H1N1（swine‘flu）pandemic（pH1N1）.Statementsintendedtocreateawarenessandconveytheseriousnessofinfectiousdiseasethreatscandrawaccusationsofscaremongering,whileofficialscanbeaccusedofcomplacencyifsuchstatementsarenotmade.Inthesecommunicationcontexts,newsjournalists,oftenreliantonofficialsourcestounderstandissuesarepivotalinselectingandemphasisingaspectsofofficialdiscoursedeemedsufficientlynewsworthytopresenttothepublic.Thispaperpresentsacase-studyofnewscommunicationregardingtheemergenceofpH1N1.

2.Methods:

WeconductedacontentanalysisofalltelevisionnewsitemsaboutpH1N1.Weexaminednewsandcurrentaffairsitemsbroadcaston5free-to-airSydneytelevisionchannelsbetweenApril252009（thefirstreport）andOctober9（priortothevaccinerelease）forstatementsabouttheseriousnessofthediseasehowthepubliccouldminimisecontagiongovernmentresponsestoemerginginformation.

3.Results:

pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightof24weeksandwasinthetop5for20weeks.353newsitemswereidentified,yielding3086statementsforanalysis,with63.4%relatedtotheseriousnessofthesituation,12.9%providingadviceforviewersand23.6%involvingassurancesfromgovernment.Coveragefocusedoninfection/mortalityrates,thespreadofthevirus,theneedforpubliccalm,thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups,directandindirectadviceforviewers,andgovernmentreassurancesabouteffectivemanagement.

4.Conclusions:

Overall,thereportingof2009pH1N1inSydney,Australiawasgenerallynon-alarmist,whileconveyingthatpH1N1waspotentiallyserious.Dailyinfectionratetalliesandcommentaryonchangesinthepandemicalertlevelwereseldomcontextualisedtoassistviewersinunderstandingpersonalrelevance.Suggestionsaremadeabouthowfuturereportingofemerginginfectiousdiseasescouldbeenhanced.

Background

Inrecentyears,Australianshavebeenexposedtoarangeoflarge–scalenewscoverageandhealthpromotioncampaignsaboutcommunicabledisease.Thesehaveincludedseasonalinfluenzaadvisories;campaignspromotingimmunisationforvaccine-preventablediseases;travellervaccinationmessages;sexuallytransmitteddiseasepreventioncampaigns,includinghumanpapillomavirusvaccinetopreventcervicalcancer;HIV/AIDSandhepatitisBandCprevention.WiththeexceptionofHIV/AIDSandsexually-transmitteddiseases,eachofthesehasavaccineandcleardirectivesabouthowtoavoidinfection,formingthecentralcommunicativefocusofsuchcampaigns.

TheWHO-declaredglobalpH1N1（swine‘flu）pandemicof2009hasattractedresearchattentionfromvirologistsandinfectiousdiseasespecialists,butlessfromcommunicationscholars.FromthefirstreportsofMexicancasesinlateApril2009,whatwouldbecomesustainedAustralianreportagerapidlyturnedtothelikelihoodofAustraliancasesinvolvingperhapsepidemicandhighmortalitynumbers.Australianswereexposedtodailynewsfeaturingthecountry’sseniorhealthofficialsandanarrayofinfectiousdiseaseexperts,whounavoidably,hadtodealwiththeuncertainandcomplextrajectoriesandvirulenceofthediseaseinthecontextofnewsproductionculturescharacterizedbysevensecondsound-bitesandanappetiteforunambiguous,easilyunderstoodinformation.

Methods

SinceMay2005,theAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaborationhasrecordedandcategorisedallnews,currentaffairsand‘infotainment’programmesrelatedtohealthandmedicineonSydneyfree-to-airtelevisionstations.WesearchedtheAHNRCdatabaseandincludedallitemstaggedwith‘H1N1’or‘swineflu’intheperiodApril25,2009（thefirstmention）untilOctober92009.Allstorieswerevideoclipswhichwereusedforthecontentanalysisreportedhere.UsingalistofcontentcategoriesthatemergedprogressivelyfromthecontentasthepH1N1storyevolved,twoauthors（AFandMI）comparedcodingonasetof15randomclipsthateachwatchedandcodedindividually.Afterresolvinganycodingdifferencesandagreeinguponhowparticularitemsshouldbehandled,theycodedtheremainderoftheitems.Thesecategoriesrelatedtostatementsmaderegarding[1]theseriousnessofH1N1,[2]recommendedactionsviewerswereadvisedtotakeaboutavoidingcontractingorspreadingpH1N1,and[3]reassurancesthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituation.Astatementwasanydirect（Xsaid“Y”）orattributed（"Xsaidthat...”）quotebythejournalistsornewsactorsfeaturedineachitem.Atestofinter-coderreliabilityproducedaKappastatisticof0.63,indicatingagoodlevelofagreement.

TheroleoftheInternetasaplatformfordeliveringpublichealthinterventionstospecificpatientgroupsandtothegeneralpublicisconstantlyincreasing,dueinparticulartoitsdisseminatingpotential:

theworldwidepenetrationoftheInternetisincreasingandtheuseofthismediumforseekinghealthinformationisfrequent.Moreover,theInternetpotentialforindividualtailoringandinteractivityissuperiortothatofotherhighreach-deliverychannels.

Results

Atotalof353newsstorieswereidentified,containing3,086statementsrelatedtothethreekeyareasofinquiry.Duringthe24weeksreportedhere,pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightweeksandfor20weeksremainedinthetopfivemostfrequentlyreportedhealthstories.WealsonotethattheviruswasrarelyreferredtobythenamepH1N1duringthecoverageandinstead,wasroutinelytermedswine‘flu.Whenreportingexactquoteswehavethereforeretainedthetermswine‘flu.

（1）SeriousnessOfpH1N1

Ofallstatements,63.4%（n=1,958/3,086）relatedtotheseriousnessofpH1N1.Thiswascommunicatedviafourrecurringstories:

（i）dailytalliesofinfectionandmortality;（ii）des-criptionsofspreadofthevirus;（iii）theneedforcalmresponses;and（iv）thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups.Webrieflysummariseotherstatementswhichdidnotcomprisesignificantproportionsofthecoverage,butmayhavebeenimportanttothosewhoincidentallysawsomenewsstories.ThisincludedsimilaritiesbetweenpH1N1andotherviruses,governmentmanagementplans,andtheneedforsystemscoveringdiagnosisandtheanticipatedvaccinerollout.

（2）AdviceAndRecommendedActionsForViewers

Inmorethanonethirdofstories（n=131/353-37%）directorindirectadvicewasgivenonwhatviewerscoulddotopreventspreadinginfection.However,thesestatementsaccountedforjust12.9%（n=399/3,086）ofallstatements.Justoveraquarter（27.8%,n=111/399）focusedonbasicpersonalhygiene,anotherquarterrelatedtopreventinginfectionbybeingmindfulofissuesofproximity（27.8%,n=111/399）andafifthadvisedseeingadoctorandseekingfurtherinformation（20.6%,n=82/399）.

（3）ReassuranceThatGovernmentWasHandlingTheSituation

Ofallstatementsrecorded,23.6%（n=729/3,086）assuredviewersthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituationbyelaboratingonitscurrentandproposedactions.

Aboutathirdofthesestatements（29.8%,n=217/729）referredtotheimmediateneedfortheGovernmenttodevelop,testandthendistributeavaccinestartingwithprioritygroups.

Aquarterofthesestatements（25.9%,n=189/729）reassuredthepublicthatthegovernmentwasputtingsignificanteffortintobordercontrolmeasuresdesignedtopreventpH1N1enteringAustralia,andfollowingupandcontainingdetectedinfection.Thesestatementsgenerallyconcernedquarantinemeasures,theuseofthermalimagingatairportsorstatementsaboutnewmeasuresandongoingmonitoringofthesituation。

Conclusions

TheAustraliangovernmentandmediaactedresponsiblybyprovidingregular,highprofileandhighlytransparentinformationontheemergingintelligenceaboutthepandemic.Uncertaintyaboutthetrajectoryofthediseasewasopenlyacknowledgedandreassurancesgivenaboutgovernmentpreparedness.Potentiallydissonancegeneratingnewscoveragethatmighthaveengenderedpanic,complacencyorcynicismabout“yetanotherepidemic”wasuncommon.

TheInternetisarichandefficientsourceofinformationaboutinfectiousdiseasesandtheirprevention.Itsroleinsocialmarketingcanbecrucial.Integratingitspotentialswiththoseofothermediacanguaranteeabroadspreadofinformation.Moreover,publichealthinterventionstransmittedthroughthismediumcouldtargetgroupswithpeculiarcharacteristics.Inconclusion,inordertoguaranteeanadequateuseofthisinstrumentbythepublic,healthprofessionals,whoarestilloneofthemainsourcesofinformationregardinghealthmatters,shouldguidepatientstootherreliablesources（informationprescription）atthesametime,deeperattentionshouldbepaidbyPublicHealthAgenciestowardsqualityofinformationandsearchengineoptimization;studiesliketheonepresentedinthisarticleshouldbeusedmoreoftentoimprovedeliveryofpublichealthinformationtothegeneralpublic.Furtherresearchshouldexplorehowvariouspublicsdecodedandreceivedtheinformationandadviceprovidedandhowjournalistsapproachedthechallengesofmakingthison-goingstorymaximallynewsworthy.Triangulatedwithcontentanalysisofwhatwasbroadcast,suchasthispaper,thesestudiescouldprovidevaluableinformati