renaissanceromanticismrealismmoderism.docx

renaissanceromanticismrealismmoderism.docx

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renaissanceromanticismrealismmoderism

Renaissance:

Itistherebirthofartistic,literaryandacademicinterestandcreativitythatmarksthetransitionfromMedievalEuropetothemodernworld.Generallydatedfromthe14thtothemid-17thcentury,theRenaissanceemergedinItalyandspreadtotherestofEurope.Renaissancebroughtnewimportancetotheindividualexpression,self-consciousness,andworldlyexperience个人表达，自我意识，和处世经验;culturallyitwasatimeofbrilliantaccomplishmentinscholarship,literature,science,andthearts.辉煌成就

ThenewhumanisticlearningresultingfromtherediscoveryofclassicalliteratureisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissance.Futuregenerationwastoproveimmenseinmanyfields----fromartandliteraturetoeducation,politicalscience,andhistory.ThemoderneraofhumanhistorybeganwiththeRenaissance.

TwoStrikingFeaturesofthisMovement:

1,Athirstingcuriosityforclassicalliterature.TherearosearevivalofthestudyofofGreeksandLatinauthors.AgeneraldissatisfactionwiththemedievalCatholicdogmaandfeudalideas封建思想.

2,Thekeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities.AnewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievementTheriseofHumanism.

Humanism:

theKey-noteofandtheessenceoftheRenaissance.

Humanismplacedanewemphasisontheexpansionofhumancapacities.

RevivingthestudyofGreekandRomanhistory,philosophy,andarts,theRenaissancehumanistsdevelopedanimageof“Man”morepositiveandhopefulthanthatofmedievalasceticChristianity中世纪的基督教禁欲主义:

Ratherthanamiserablesinnerawaitingredemptionfromapitoffleshlycorruption,“Man”wasasourceofinfinitepossibilities,ideallydevelopingtowardsabalanceofphysical,spiritual,moral,andintellectualfaculties.

putemphasisuponman.ManbecomesthecenteroftheworldinsteadofGod.（“Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties;informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable,inactionhowlikeanangel,inapprehensionhowlikeagod:

thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals!

”-HamletII.ii.）人类是一件多么了不起的杰作！

多么高贵的理性！

多么伟大的力量！

多么优美的仪表！

多么文雅的举动！

在行为上多么像一位天使！

在智慧上多么像一个天神！

宇宙的精华！

万物的灵长！

2.Manisflawed,faulty&capable

3.loveoflife对生活的热爱

MajorEnglishRenaissanceFigures

PoetssuchasEdmundSpenserthepoet’spoetproducedworksthatdemonstratedanincreasedinterestinunderstandingEnglishChristianbeliefs,suchastheoftheTudorDynastyinTheFaerieQueen;playwrights,suchasChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespeare,composedtheatricalrepresentationsoftheEnglishtakeonlife,death,andhistory.

ChristopherMarlowe------Tamburlaine帖木儿,thejewofMalta、《马尔他的犹太人,浮士德博士的悲剧》Dido,QueenofCarthage迦太基女王狄多ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove《牧羊人恋歌》被公认是英国文学史上最美的抒情诗之一

NearingtheendoftheTudorDynasty,philosopherslikeSirThomasMoreutopiaandSirFrancisBaconpublishedtheirownideasabouthumanityandtheaspectsofaperfectsociety,pushingthelimitsofmetacognition推元认知的极限atthattime.AsEnglandabolisheditsastrologersandalchemists占星学家和炼金术士,itcameclosertoreachingmodernsciencewiththeBaconianMethod培根归纳法,aforerunneroftheScientificMethod.

CharacteristicsoftheRenaissance

TheperiodoftransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworldinEurope--inEnglandfromabout1485-1660.

~ThetimeismarkedbytheChristianReformation基督教宗教改革--rebellionagainsttheRomanCatholicChurch反抗罗马天主教会。

.

~DiscoveryofLatinandGreektextsandtheHellenistic希腊语言和文化的spirittaughtscholarsthathumanswere,ifnotperfectible,wonderfulcreatureswhocapableofendlessindividualdevelopment--Humanism.

~Theintroductionofprintingledtoacontinuingdialogueonideasandeventuallytothecommercialdevelopmentofliteratureaswellasintensedialogueonreligion.

~WhiletheidealintheMiddleagesistoliveforthelifeafterdeath,thisidealshiftsintherenaissancetowringingthemostoutofthislife.

~Arenaissancegoalistoknowagreatdealabouteverything.

~InEngland,therenaissancecanbedatedfromtheendoftheWaroftheRoses（LancasterandYork）andtheriseoftheHouseofTudortothereturnofCharlesIIandtheRestorationofthemonarchy.

Neoclassicism：

1660-1798

TheNeoclassicalperiodisabout1660-1798，alsoknownas"theAgeofEnlightenment"or"theageofReason".

　　a.Itwasanagefullofconflictsanddifferenceofvalues；

　　b.ItwasanageoffastdevelopmentforEnglishtobecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld；

　　c.Itwasanageofeconomicdevelopment，inwhichbourgeois/middleclassgrewrapidly.

　　3）Inessence，theNeoclassicalPeriodwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.

　　4）TheEnlightenersbelievedinself-restraint，self-relianceandhardwork；Theycelebratedreason/rationality，equalityandscience.

　　Theyadvocateduniversaleducation，whichcouldmakepeoplerationalandprefect，theybelieved.

5）Inliterature，TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheancientGreekandRomanclassicalworks；theworksatthetime，heavilydidacticandmoralizing；havingfixedlawsandrulesforeverytypeoftheliterature；amongwhichproseandthemodernEnglishnovelpredominatedtheage.（AttheendoftheagesentimentalismandGothicNovelappeared.）6）TheagewasanimportantagewiththeremarkableauthorsPope，Defoe，etc.

Romanticism：

datedfromlate18thtothebeginningof19th

EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.想象力VS新古典主义的理性

TheFrenchRevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.Theromanticistsexpressanegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialorpoliticalconditions.

Theyplacetheindividualatthecenterofart,ascanbeseenfromLordByron’s ByronicHero.ThekeywordsofEnglishRomanticismarenatureandimagination.EnglishRomantictendtobenationalistic民族主义的,defendingthegreatestEnglishwriters.Theyarguethatpoetryshouldbefreefromallrules.

拜伦式的英雄”。

故"拜伦式英雄"是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义诗人拜伦作品中的一类人物形象。

他们高傲倔强，既不满现实，要求奋起反抗，具有叛逆的性格；但同时又显得忧郁、孤独、悲观，脱离群众，我行我素，始终找不到正确的出路

Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.WordsworthandColeridgearethemostrepresentativewriters.Theyexplorenewtheoriesandinnovatenewtechniquesinversification诗律.Theybelievethatpoetrycouldpurifyindividualsoulsandsociety.

WilliamBlake---visionarymind （communionwithGod）许多学者视布莱克为英国浪漫主义时代的起点诗人天真之歌songsofinnocence经验之歌songsofexperience,耶路撒冷Jerusalem

RobertBurns------农民诗人，苏格兰民歌和方言,政治诗，讽刺诗，抒情诗holywillie’sprayer,1785,ared,redrose,cominthrotherye,Owerethouinthecauldblast,LlovemyJean,HighlandMary.AuldLangSyne.

Wordsworth---poetofnature-----现代诗的鼻祖-------lyricalballads----平民的语言书写平民的事务/思想/情感----------序言：

英国浪漫主义文学的宣言theprelude:

thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsrecollectedintranquility,nature,simplicity,ownexperienceanddailylife.Odetointimationsofimmortality不朽颂，odetoduty责任颂

桂冠诗人：

PoetLaureate

Coleridge---poetofdemonicimagination恶魔的想象力的诗人KublaKhan忽必烈汗

Keats---poeticbeauty（PoeticLoveOfBeauty雅人深致）以热心而冷眼的观者姿态绘制生活的戏剧画面/以具体人间情感证实无限的存在/让我们有勇气相信他人是幸福的，并能为此感到由衷的喜悦/让我们相信世间充满苦难与压迫，而是让我们鼓足勇气接受这样一个事实：

世界充满欢乐、健康、自由。

这些都属于他人，但只要争取，也能属于我们自己

Byron---individualism（Byronichero）----热爱自由，痛恨虚伪/复杂的矛盾集合体

Shelley—revolutionarylyricalpoet---雪莱的两大主题:

社会变革与人间情爱

Romanticismischaracterizedbythe5“I”s：

想象力，直觉，理想主义，灵感，个性

Imagination

Intuition

Idealism

Inspiration

Individuality

~偏重于表现主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情，把情感和想象提到首要地位

~描写自然风光，歌颂大自然。

大自然为美，生命及理想境界的象征。

大自然与人类心灵的沟通与交融。

自然景色对内心的感染和感悟是浪漫主义诗作的着力表现点。

厌恶资本主义物质文明，反感庸俗丑恶的现实，对工业化的恐惧和憎恶。

~以历史题材为描写对象

~重视民间文学，尤其是通俗歌谣和民间传说.Payattentiontofolkliterature

~浪漫主义文学惯用对比、夸张和想象Comparison,exaggerationandimagination，用词也倾向于华丽一路。

~忧郁感伤的情调为浪漫派作家所爱Melancholy&sentimental

~诗歌格律poeticalmetre跳出传统规范的制约

乔治·拜伦和雪莱两位诗人将英国的浪漫主义文学推向高峰。

他们和湖畔派诗人的不同之处在于其作品更具战斗意识和政治倾向。

雪莱：

《解放了的普罗米修斯》prometheusunbound----空想社会主义utopiansocialism，《西风颂》、《致云雀》ToaSkylark，麦布女王QueenMab,thenecessityofAtheism无神论的必然性，addresstotheIrishpeople告爱尔兰人民书，therevoltofIslam伊斯兰的反叛

拜伦：

《唐璜》donjuan,hoursofidleness消闲的时光，ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage恰尔德.哈罗德游记》,

人们把孤独、悲壮、崇尚个人式反抗的浪漫主义者形象称为“拜伦式英雄”。

约翰·济慈：

《夜莺颂》odetoaNightingale和《希腊古瓮颂》OdeonaGrecianUrn

消极浪漫主义：

Lakepoets湖畔派诗人，Wordsworth+Coleridge+Southey

愤世嫉俗，忧郁失望Cynical,sad，disappointed

积极浪漫主义：

拜伦，雪莱、济慈----冲破封建束缚的革命激情+向往新生活的崇高理想/

自由平等，个性解放，想象与激情satanicpoets

Realism：

19末---20初VictorianLiterature

CriticalRealismemergedinFrancein1830sandthenspreadtoEuropequickly.Realismisthepresentationinartofdetailsfromactuallife.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.现实生活，细节，底层

Itinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,description,anddetailsofmaterialfactandobjectivity.Italsoinsistedonanavoidanceofromanticsubjectivity,poeticdiction,idealizationandexaggeration.准确，客观

Characteristics：

~Itreflectsanobjective,specificandtruthreality,includinglabor-capitalcontradiction.劳资矛盾。

~Exposureandcriticism.Revealthedarknessofthesocietyandshowsympathy。

~描写典型环境中的典型人物，是现实主义的基本特征。

Itsbasicfeatureistopresentthetypicalcharactersintypicalsettings.

Unificationofcharactersandtheirlivingenvironment.

Duringthelastpartofthe19thcenturyandthefirstpartofthe20th,realismenjoyedconsiderablepopularityamongwritersintheEnglish-speakingworld.Realismismostevidentinthenovel,whichdealtwithgrimsocialrealitiesandpresentedrealisticportrayalsofthepsychologicalstatesofcharacters.小说，社会现实，心理描写

Irony:

Ironyalwaysinvolveacontrast,adisparitybetweentheexpectedandtheactual.Whentheironyimpliesadiscrepancybetweenwhatissaidandwhatismeat,itisverbalirony