托福阅读基础班讲义printed version.docx

托福阅读基础班讲义printed version.docx

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托福阅读基础班讲义printedversion

托福阅读基础班讲义

Version20100625

TableofContents

Ⅰ.BasicReadingRequirements

1.1.MaterialReference

•§BuildingSkillsfortheTOEFLiBT（NorthStar）

•§OldTOEFLReadingPassages

•§OldTOEFLVocabulary

•§EffectiveReadinginaChangingWorld

1.2.Vocabulary

•§Howmanywords?

•§Howtopromoteefficiency?

•§Whatkindsofwords?

•√multivocalwords

•√abstractwords

•√academicwords

•√correlativewords

√multivocalwords

•Littletest:

1.TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,bards,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.

2.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.

3.Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.

4.Mostmachines,nomatterhowcomplextheymaybe,arecombinationsoftheleverandtheinclinedplane.

5.IntheforegroundrosetheGongtangPagodawithitsdazzlinggildedstuparisingabovearectangularseriesofgreentiledslopingroofs.Beyond,leadinguptothemountainslaythefabledLabrangMonastery.Surroundingtheentirecomplexstretchedareddish-brownwall,severalkilometerslong,linedwithhundredsofprayerwheels.

•Moreaboutmultivocalwords:

1.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability-----rents.

2.ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930’s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950’sonward,transformedtheeconomyoftheregion.

3.TheauthormentionstheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxasanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson

4.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.

5.Blackwasconsideredinappropriatebecauseofitsassociationwithdeath.

6.Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.

7.Asafamouswoman,Fengjie’sdispositionhasbeenmarkedasextremeself-confidence.ThedispositionofFurong’s“S”posturecannotmatchupwithFengjie’ssuddenturnofherfacewithacharmingsmile.Thedispositionofallthesenationaltreasuresoverseashasignitedtheadmirationofforeignnewsagency,suchasthereportofBrothersharp.

8.Passedfromgenerationtogenerationbywordofmouth,everysocietyhasafavoriteimaginedfigurethatisseeninthesurfacemarkingsofthefullmoon.InAsiaandEurope,itiscommonlyahare,whileNorthAmericansseethe"maninthemoon"orthe"ladyinthemoon."

9.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem–evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.

10.Reflectiononacomplextasksuchasteachingisnoteasy."Theteachersweretakenthroughaprogramoftalkingaboutteachingevents,movingontoreflectingaboutspecificissuesinasupported,andlateranindependentmanner.

thereflectioninamirror

dosth.withoutsufficientreflection

reflectionsonthecurrentsituation

Heissimplyareflectionofhisfather.

RecommendedSolution

•TableofMutivocalwords

•Requirements:

•Lookallthesewordsup

•Writedownallthemeanings

√abstractwords

•Littletest:

1.Mostpsychologists,perplexedbythefeelingstheyacknowledgearearousedbyaestheticexperience,haveclaimedthattheseemotionsaregenuine,butdifferentinkindfromnonaestheticemotions.This,however,isadescriptivedistinctionratherthananempiricalobservationandconsequentlylacksexplanatoryvalue.

2.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.

•Desire;demand;need

•Special;specific

•establish;setup

3.NSadvance,page10:

•Reasonable;reasoning

•Prioritize;priority

4.Whenexperimentallydeprivedbabyrobinsareplacedinanestwithnormallyfedsiblings,thehungrynestlingsbegmoreloudlythanusualbutsodotheirbetter-fedsiblings,thoughnotasloudlyasthehungrierbirds.

Theresearchersfoundthatthetemporallobeofthebrain,theregioninvolvedinlanguageprocessing,wasactivatedduringverbaltasksinrestedsubjectsbutnotindeprivedsubjects.

•Definition:

抽象

•Range:

verbsandadjectives

RecommendedSolution

•ListofOldTOEFLActualVocabulary

•ReadingpassagesofNS,highintermediateandadvanced

•Requirements:

•1.Markalltheabstractwords

•2.Makedifferencesbetweensynonymy

•3.Makesentencewitheachabstractwords

√academicwords

•Elaborationofacademicbackground

•1.NaturalandPhysicalSciences

•2.BiologicalSciences

•3.ArtsandAmericanHistory

•4.SocialSciences

•5.Humanities

•6.Biographyandothers

1.NaturalandPhysicalSciences

ThenuclearenergyisreleasedattheSun'scenterashigh-energygammaradiation,aformofelectromagneticradiationlikelightandradiowaves,onlyofverymuchshorterwavelength.ThisgammaradiationisabsorbedbyatomsinsidetheSun,tobere-emittedatslightlylongerwavelengths.Thisradiation,initsturn,isabsorbedandre-emitted.Astheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior,itpassesthroughthex-raypartofthespectrum,eventuallybecominglight.Atthisstage,ithasreachedwhatwecallthesolarsurface,andcanescapeintospace,withoutbeingabsorbedfurtherbysolaratoms.AverysmallfractionoftheSun'slightandheatisemittedinsuchdirectionsthat,afterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace,ithitstheEarth.

2.BiologicalSciences

Moltoftheflightfeathersisthemosthighlyorganizedpartoftheprocess.Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside（toretainbalanceintheair）andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Yetotherspeciesbegininthemiddleandworkoutwardonbothsides.Mostducksshedtheirwingfeathersatonce,andremainflightlessfortwoorthreeweekswhilethereplacementfeathersgrow.

3.ArtsandAmericanHistory

TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.

4.SocialSciences

Theterm“satellitecity”isusedtodescribetherelationshipbetweenalargecityandneighboringsmallercitiesandtownsthatareeconomicallydependentuponit.Satellitecitiesmaybecollectionanddistributionpointsinthecommerciallinkagesofatradingmetropolis,ortheymaybemanufacturingorminingcentersexistingwithoneindustryeconomicsasthecreaturesofsomenearbycenter.Thislatterformiswhatisgenerallymeantwhenoneusestheterm"satellitecity."Takeninthissense,nineteenth-centuryChicopeeandLowell,Massachusetts,weresatellitesofBoston.BothweremilltownscreatedbyBostoninvestorstoservetheeconomyofthatNewEnglandmetropolis.

5.Humanities

Themostinterestingarchitecturalphenomenonofthe1970'swastheenthusiasmforrefurbishingolderbuildings.Obviously,thiswasnotanentirelynewphenomenon.Whatisnewisthewholesaleinterestinreusingthepast,inrecycling,inadaptiverehabilitation.Afewtrialefforts,suchasGhirardellSquareinSanFrancisco,provedtheirfinancialviabilityinthe1960's,butitwasinthe1970’s.withstronggovernmentsupportthroughtaxincentivesandrapiddepreciation,aswellasgrowinginterestinecologyissues,thatrecyclingbecameamajorfactorontheurbanscene.

6.Biographyandothers

ThoughFaulknerwaspraisedbysomecriticsandreviewersduringthefirstpartofhiscareer,hisnovelsdidnotsellwellandhewasconsideredafairlymarginalauthor.Forthefirstfewdecadesofhiscareer,hemadehislivingwritingmagazinearticlesandworkingasascreenwriterratherthanasanovelist.Throughoutthisperiod,hecontinuedtowrite,thoughhisnovels,sometimesnotedforthestirringportraitthattheypresentedoflifeinthepost-CivilWarSouth,weregenerallyrelegatedtothecategoryofstrictlyregionalwritingandwerenotwidelyappreciated.

RecommendedSolution

•OldTOEFLActualVocabulary（1sttime）

•OldTOEFLReadingPassage（2ndt