整理13第十三章 保险.docx
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整理13第十三章保险
第十二章保险
1.SAJ与NEWBUILDCON的有关条文
这方面在SAJ标准格式是ArticleXII如下:
“1ExtentofInsuranceCoverage
Fromthetimeofkeel–layingoftheVESSELuntilthesameiscompleted,deliveredtoandacceptedbytheBUYER,theBUILDERshall,atitsowncostandexpense,keeptheVESSELandallmachinery,materials,equipment,appurtenancesandoutfit,deliveredtotheshipyardfortheVESSELorbuiltinto,orinstalledinorupontheVESSEL,includingtheBUYER’sSupplies,fullyinsuredwithJapaneseinsurancecompaniesundercoveragecorrespondingtotheJapaneseBuilder’sRisksInsuranceClause.
Theamountofsuchinsurancecoverageshall,uptothedateofdeliveryoftheVESSEL,beinanamountatleastequalto,butnotlimitedto,theaggregateofthepaymentmadebytheBUYERtotheBUILDERincludingthevalueoftheBUYER’sSupplies.
ThepolicyreferredtohereinaboveshallbetakenoutinthenameoftheBUILDERandalllossesundersuchpolicyshallbepayabletotheBUILDER.
IftheBUYERsorequests,theBUILDERshallattheBUYER’scostprocureinsuranceontheVESSELandallparts,materials,machineryandequipmentintendedthereforeagainstrisksofearthquakes,strikes,warperilorotherrisksnotheretofore,providedandshallmakeallarrangementstothatend.ThecostofsuchinsuranceshallbereimbursedtotheBUILDERbytheBUYERupondeliveryoftheVESSEL.
2ApplicationofRecoveredAmount
(a)PartialLoss:
IntheeventoftheVESSELshallbedamagedbyanyinsuredcausewhatsoeverpriortoacceptancethereofbytheBUYERandinthefurthereventthatsuchdamageshallnotconstituteanactualoraconstructivetotallossoftheVESSEL,theBUILDERshallapplytheamountrecoveredundertheinsurancepolicyreferredtoinParagraph1ofthisArticletotherepairofsuchdamagesatisfactorytotheClassificationSociety,andtheBUYERshallaccepttheVESSELunderthisContractifcompletedinaccordancewiththisContractandSpecifications.
(b)TotalLoss:
However,intheeventthattheVESSELisdeterminedtobeanactualorconstructivetotalloss,theBUILDERshallbythemutualagreementbetweenthepartieshereto,either
(i)proceedinaccordancewiththetermsofthisContract,inwhichcasetheamountrecoveredundersaidinsurancepolicyshallbeappliedtothereconstructionoftheVESSEL’sdamage,providedthepartiesheretoshallhavefirstagreedinwritingastosuchreasonablepostponementofDeliveryDateandadjustmentofothertermsofthisContractincludingtheContractPriceasmaybenecessaryforthecompletionofsuchreconstruction;or
(ii)refundimmediatelytotheBUYERtheamountofallInstalmentspaidtotheBUILDERunderthisContractwithoutanyinterest,whereuponthisContractshallbedeemedtoberescindedandallrights,duties,liabilities,andobligationsofeachofthepartiestotheothershallterminateforthwith.
Ifthepartiesheretofailtoreachsuchagreementwithintwo
(2)monthsaftertheVESSELisdeterminedtobeanactualorconstructivetotalloss,theprovisionsofsub–paragraph(b)(ii)asaboveshallapply.
3TerminationofBUILDER’sObligationtoInsure
TheBUILDER’sobligationtoinsuretheVESSELhereundershallceaseandterminateforthwithupondeliverythereofandacceptancebytheBUYER.”
这方面在NEWBUILDCON是Clause38如下:
“38Insurances
(a)Builder’sInsurances
Fromthetimeoffirststeelcuttingorequivalent(ordeliveryoftheBuyer’sSupplies,whicheverisearlier)untiltheVesseliscompleted,deliveredtoandacceptedbytheBuyer,theBuildershall(inthejointnames(asassureds)oftheBuilderandtheBuyer)effectandmaintainatnocosttotheBuyer,Builder’sRiskInsurancefortheVesselandBuyer’sSupplies.SuchBuilder’sRiskInsuranceshall:
(i)beprovidedbyinsurersreasonablyacceptabletotheBuyer;and
(ii)beontermsnolessthanInstituteClausesforBuilder’sRiskterms(1/6/88)includingInstituteWarandInstituteStrikeClauses;and
(iii)beinanamountnotlessthantheaggregateofthepaymentsmadebytheBuyertotheBuilderplusthevalueoftheBuyer’sSuppliesattheShipyard.
IfspecificallyrequestedbytheBuyer,theBuildershallincreasetheamountinsuredunderthepolicytocovertherebuildingcostsoftheVesselorsuchotheramountastheBuyermayrequest.AnyadditionalpremiumchargedforthisshallbepaidbytheBuyer.
TheBuildershallprovidetheBuyerwithcopiesoftheinsurancepolicyasplaced.
TheBuyershallnotifytheBuilderofthevalueofanysubsequentchangesinthevalueoftheBuyer’sSuppliesforinsurancepurposes.UponreceiptofnoticeofchangeinvaluetheBuildershallamendtheinsuredvaluefortheBuyer’sSuppliesaccordingly.
(b)AllocationofInsuranceProceeds
(i)IntheeventthattheVesselisatanytimepriortooratdeliverydamagedbyanyinsuredcauseandprovidedsuchdamagedoesnotconstituteanactualorconstructivetotallossoftheVessel,theBuildershallmakegoodsuchdamageandshallapplyanyamountsrecoveredundertheinsurancereferredtoinSub-clause(a)tothecostsofanyrepairorreplacement,includingrepairorreplacementoflostordamagedBuyer’sSupplies.SuchdamageshallbemadegoodsoastocomplywiththisContractandallrepairsshallbecarriedoutincompliancewiththerequirementsoftheClassificationSocietyandRegulatoryAuthoritiesasappropriatewithoutqualification.
(ii)ShouldtheVesselbecomeanactualorconstructivetotallossfromanyinsuredcause:
(1)theBuilderandtheBuyermayagreethatanewvesselisbuildortheVesselreconstructedinaccordancewiththetermsofthisContractprovidedagreementisreachedinwritingtoanextensionoftheDeliveryDateand/orothernecessaryamendmenttotheContract,inwhichcaseanyamountsrecoveredundertheinsurancereferredtoinSub-clause(a)willbeappliedtotheConstructionorreconstructionoftheVesselifappropriate;or
(2)iftheBuilderandBuyerareunabletoagreewithinareasonabletimeonanextensiontotheDeliveryDateand/oranyothernecessaryamendmenttotheContractasprovidedforinSub-clause(b)(ii)
(1)theBuildershall:
(i)promptlyrefundtotheBuyerthefullamountofsumspaidbytheBuyertotheBuildertogetherwithinterestthereonatarateperannumasstatedinBox30fromthedateofpaymenttothedateofrefund;and
(ii)makepaymenttotheBuyeroftheinsuredvalueoftheBuyer’sSuppliesoralternatively,attheBuilder’scost,delivertheBuyer’sSuppliestotheBuyerinundamagedcondition.
OnceallpaymentshavebeenmadebytheBuildertotheBuyerinaccordancewithSub-clause(b)(ii)
(2)thisContractshallbedeemedterminatedandallfuturerightsandobligationsofeachofthePartiestotheothershallceasewhereupontheguaranteesprovidedunderthisContractshallbereturned.”
2.船舶建造中的各种风险
在一艘或多艘船舶的建造中,双方都有各种风险要面对,有些风险是商业上的,没法去投保,只能自己小心去订约,务求减少这种风险。
例如船厂面临船东资信问题。
又或是,对船东而言,订新船的时候航运市场高涨,但交船的时候航运市场崩溃。
但仍有不少种类的风险,实是可去投保。
当然,或因为保费高昂或保险市场狭窄,或风险不大而可去自己承受,所以不去投保而已。
这种涉及造船合约的风险,以船东的角度来看,可以有以下各方面:
(i)在船舶建造与试车过程中,直到接收船舶:
(a)船舶因各种天灾人祸发生部分损坏或全损;
(b)船厂发生重大意外/事故导致无法建造或完成建造;
(c)延迟交船,导致租金损失甚至错过租约销约期;
(d)罢工与战争等风险;
(e)互保协会范围内风险,例如去参加试车与接收船舶的船员;
(f)F.D.D,如果与船厂有纠纷,要去打官司。
(ii)船厂问题:
(a)船厂财政稳定;
(b)船厂所在地政治稳定;
(c)船厂毁约。
(iii)船价:
(a)航运市场大涨导致在建造中的船舶超值。
(iv)交船后:
(a)船厂工程师在船上的责任。
3.SAJ标准格式所针对的保险
在SAJ标准格式ArticleXII只是去针对上小段(i)(a)的风险类别。
3.1要求投保造船风险的原因
这原因是双方(船厂与船东)都需要,如:
(i)建造中发生损坏或全损,船舶所有权在船厂,这毕竟是船厂自己的风险。
(ii)但船东要担心建造中的船舶遇到损坏或全损时,船厂会否有额外资金来源去进行修复损坏或去重建船舶(在全损时)。
有了保险,资金可来自保险商的赔偿。
如果遇上全损,而船东也不准备再要该船舶,不存在重建的问题,船东也就不必太关心船厂有否去投保了。
因为船东是可以从还款担保(由银行作出)取回预付了的船价。
但问题是一旦需要修复或重建,因为船东还是想要该船舶,即使是有点延误,这就只能靠保险提供资金给船厂得以进行了。
(iii)有时会有大量船东供应物料或船用设备/机器已用在或装置在建造中船舶,它们可能价值很高,正常情况下也需要去投保。
一个方便的做法就是要求船长去把这些船东供应一并与建造中的船舶去投保。
虽然船东供应不是属于船厂所拥有,但船厂作为托管人是有责任与风险,所以有保险的利益。
3.2谁是受保人
在SAJ格式,ArticleXII
(1),它是放一个合约责任在船厂自费投保。
这一来,受保人(assured)自然是船厂。
但为了保障船东,特别是他有大量物料与设备的供应,这保单会去加入以下内容。
3.2.1保单中的损失支付条文
加一条“损失支付条文”(LossPayableClause),把船舶保险利益(主要就是出了事情去作出赔付)从船厂转让给船东或他的融资银行。
该条文是去把本来保险商要赔付给船厂(受保人)的利益去转让给第三者,例如船东的融资银行,这一来,保险商如果把赔偿付给融资银行,就已经算是尽了赔付责任。
这种条文的一个版本可去举InternationalHullClauses01/11/03的第48条文为例,如下:
“PAYMENTOFCLAIMS
Claimspayableundertheinsuranceshall,subjecttothetermsofanyassignment,bepaidtothelosspayeeor,ifnolosspayablehasbeenagreed,totheAssuredorastheymaydirectinwriting.Suchpayment,whetherinaccountorotherwise,whenmadeshallbeacompletedischargeoftheUnderwriter’sobligationsunderthisinsuranceinrespectoftheamountsopaid.”
另一个版本可以是The“AngelBell”(1979)2Lloyd’sRep.491,该损失支付条文如下:
“ItisherebynotedandagreedthatDillespieBros&CoLtd(船东融资银行)areinterestedinthisInsuranceasAssignees.AllclaimsforTotalLossand/orConstructiveTotalLosstobepayabletotheirorder.”
要注意的是,这一个条文只是在保险商与船厂之间的保单,船东或他的融资银行只是第三者。
所以如果保险商不作出支付或有争议,以前的法律地位是去向保险商索赔还是要船厂出面或以他的名义,除非是,同时有了一个保险利益的转让,船东或他的融资银行就能够以受让人(assignee)去以自己名义向保险商索赔了。
这可以去节录Donaldson大法官在The“AngelBell”所说如下:
“Iagree…thatalosspayableclausegivesnorightstothelosspayeeunlessitalsoconstitutesorevidencesanassignmentoftheassured’srightsunderthepolicyorevidencesthefactthatthedesignatedpersonisanoriginalassured.Butitmaynotbewithoutitsvalue,foritauthorisesandrequiresunderwriterstopaylossestothelosspayeeonbehalfoftheassuredand,inthecircumstancesofatransactionsuchasthis,thisauthorityisprobablyirrevocablebytheshipowner.Infact,ithasnotbeenrevoked.Inthelightofitsexistence–allotherfactorsbeingignored–moneysreceivedbyBrandts(保险经纪人)wouldbereceivedonbehalfofGillespies(船东融资银行).GillespiesintheirturnwouldholdthemoneysonbehalfofArcepey(船东).WhetheratthatstageGillespieswouldbeentitledtosetofftheirliabilitytopayArceoeyagainstArcepey’sli