考研英语模拟试题及答案详解.docx

考研英语模拟试题及答案详解.docx

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考研英语模拟试题及答案详解

2011年考研英语模拟试题及答案详细解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers'health?

Manyindividualsareconcernedaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations,  1  thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore  2 . Indeed,asystematicreview  3  byRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollege,roundsup  4  oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe  5  ofhealthcare.Theseuses  6  threecategories:

efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby  7  text-messagingintotreatmentregimes.

　　Usingtextingto  8  efficiencyisnotprofoundscience,butbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several  9  carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders     10  thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%,andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere  11  nationally,thiswouldtranslate  12  annualsavingsof￡256-364million.

　　Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformation,particularlytogroups  13  arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato   14  peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization'sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraq,textmessageswereusedtosupporta  15  toimmunizenearly5millionchildren  16   paralysis.

　　 17  ,therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto  18  theirmedicine,ortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.However,Dr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally  19  ,andmorequantitativeresearchis  20 .

　　1.[A]so[B]even[C]despite[D]and

　　2.[A]interesting[B]abundant[C]clear[D]reasonable

　　3.[A]went[B]came[C]performed[D]turned

　　4.[A]approaches[B]situations[C]problems[D]examples

　　5.[A]reality[B]reorganization[C]delivery[D]discovery

　　6.[A]fallinto[B]sumup[C]associatewith[D]subjectto

　　7.[A]cooperating[B]incorporating[C]adapting[D]adopting

　　8.[A]rise[B]boost[C]produce[D]encourage

　　9.[A]questions[B]incidents[C]cases[D]trials

　　10.[A]reduces[B]degrades[C]deserves[D]drops

　　11.[A]calledupon[B]switchedto[C]rolledout[D]wentthrough

　　12.[A]into[B]for[C]on[D]from

　　13.[A]what[B]whose[C]which[D]who

　　14.[A]ask[B]inform[C]adopt[D]contact

　　15.[A]campaign[B]event[C]decision[D]communication

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　Prudentinvestorslearnedlongagothatputtingyoureggsintolotsofbasketsreducesrisk.Conservationistshavenowhitonasimilaridea:

apopulationofendangeredanimalswillhaveabetterchanceofsurvivalifitisdividedintointerconnectedgroups.Theprospectsofthespecieswillbebetterbecausethechancethatalltheconstituentsubpopulationswilldieoutatthesametimeislow.And,inthelongterm,itmatterslittleifoneortwogroupsdodisappear,becauseimmigrantsfrombetter-faringpatcheswilleventuallyreestablishthespecies'oldhaunts.

　　Oneendangeredspeciesdividedinjustthiswayistheworld'srarestcarnivore,theEthiopianwolf,whichliveshighinthemeadowsoftheBaleMountains.Just350existinthreepocketsofmeadowconnectedbynarrow'valleysintheBaleMountainsNationalPark,withafurther150outsidethisarea.

　　TwoofthemainthreatstotheEthiopianwolfcomefromdiseasescarriedbydomesticdogs.Oneofthese,rabies,isofparticularconcernbecauseitisepidemicinthedogpopulation.Atfirstblush,vaccinatingthewolvesagainstrabiesseemsasimplesolution.Itwouldbeambitious,becausetheprevailingthinking—thatallindividualsmatterandthereforealloutbreaksofdiseaseshouldbecompletelyhalted—impliesthatalargeproportionofwolveswouldneedtobevaccinated.

　　DanHaydon,oftheUniversityofGlasgow,andhiscolleaguesbelievethatconservationbiologistsshouldthinkdifferently.Withtheexceptionofhumans,speciesareimportantbutindividualsarenot.Someoutbreaksofdiseasecanbetolerated.InapaperpublishedthisweekinNature,theyrecastthemathematicsofvaccinationwiththisinmind.

　　Onepidemiologists'standardassumptionthateveryindividualcounts,vaccinationprogrammesareintendedtopreventepidemicsbyensuringthateachinfectedanimal,onaverage,passesthediseaseontolessthanonehealthyanimal.Thisimpliesthataroundtwo-thirdsofallthewolveswouldneedtobevaccinated.Aprogrammethatsoughttosaveaspeciesratherthanindividualswouldalloweachinfectedwolftopassthediseaseontomorethanonehealthyanimalandhencerequirefewervaccinations.DrHaydonandhiscolleagueshavecalculated,usingdatafromarabiesoutbreakin2003,thatvaccinatingbetween10%and25%wouldsuffice,providedveterinariansgavejabstothosewolveslivinginthenarrowvalleysthatconnectthesubpopulations.

　　Ifthethreatofrabiesaroseeveryfiveyears,targetingallthewolvesinthecorridorswouldcuttheriskofextinctionovera20-yearperiodbyfourfold.Ifthiswerebackedupbyvaccinatingamere10%ofthewolvesinthethreeconnectedmeadows,thechanceofextinctionwoulddroptolessthanonein1,000.Savingafewseemstobeanefficientwayofprotectingthemany.

　　21.Bycitingprudentinvestors'idea,theauthorwantstoillustratethat___________.

　　[A]conservationistsgotinspirationsfromit.

　　[B]endangeredanimalscanbeprotectedinasimilarway.

　　[C]theprospectsofsomespeciesdependonconservation.

　　[D]thesubpopulationswilldiewithoutbeingputintodifferentgroups.

　　22.TheEthiopianwolf___________.

　　[A]isfacingtheriskofextinctionastherarestcarnivore.

　　[B]isseparatedintothreegroupstoachievesurvival.

　　[C]livesinnarrowvalleysintheBaleMountains.

　　[D]hasaltogether350aliveintheworld.

　　23.Theideathatnearlyallthewolveswouldneedtobevaccinated___________..

　　[A]isduetothatrabiescarriedbydogsisepidemic.

　　[B]isveryeasytoberealizedbylocalmedicaladministration.

　　[C]isbasedonthethinkingthateverywolfisnecessarilyprotected.

　　[D]issupportedbyDanHaydonoftheUniversityofGlasgow.

　　24.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,weknowthat___________.

　　[A]ifeachindividualcounts,one-thirdofwolveshavetobevaccinated.

　　[B]Dr.Haydonprovedepidemiologists'standardassumptionisright.

　　[C]tovaccinate10%to25%ofwolveslivingintheconnectedmeadowsisenough.

　　[D]ittakes20yearstoreduceriskofextinctionifallthewolvesaretargeted.

　　25.Themainpurposeofthetextisto___________.

　　[A]showthedangersEthiopianwolvesarefacingwith.

　　[B]informpeopleoftheprospectsEthiopianwolves.

　　[C]teachhowtodivideEthiopianwolvesintogroups.

　　[D]tellhowtoprotectEthiopianwolvesfromrabies.

Text2

　　Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobs,whichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbled,allowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley'sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallaborarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentersthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountries,butalsosoftwareprogramming,medicaldiagnostics,engineeringdesign,law,accounting,financeandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworld,exposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.

　　Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroad,butthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shored,wheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.

　　AlanBlinder,aneconomistatPrincetonUniversity,believesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoring,andthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evenso,themerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages:

　　Moreover,saysMr.Blinder,educationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountants,radiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroad,whereashumbletaxidrivers,janitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshatfallenby6%since2000,abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages.

　　Inthe1980sandearly1990s,thepaygapbetweenlow-paid,low-skilledworkersandhigh-paid,high-skilledworkerswidenedsignificantly.Butsincethen,accordingtoastudybyDavi