Why nothing works最新版本精品课件.pptx

Why nothing works最新版本精品课件.pptx

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,Unit5,WhyNothingWorksbyMarvinHarris,Shabby:

破烂的Shoddy:

madeordonecheaplyandbadly,usu.tolooklikesth.better,MarvinHarris（1927-2001）,GeneralistAnthropologist,MainIdea,Ittracesthecauseoftheshoddygoodsproblemandanalyzedthemainreasonfromthepointofviewoftheanthropologist.theabsenceofanintimate,permanentandcaringrelationshipbetweenmanufacturerandcustomers.,Effect-causepattern,Theproblemofshoddygoods,MajorCause？

（theabsenceofanintimate,permanent,andcaringrelationshipbetweenmanufacturerandconsumer）,BroadQuestion,Whichfactordoesheregardasprimary,humanortechnology?

Why?

Effect,cause,para.5Moneyrelationship,Incontrast,Para.2-4Intimate,permanent,andcaringreflection,Thesisstatement:

Qualitydemandsintelligent,motivatedhumanthoughtthroughaction,Structure,Exposition:

CauseandEffectexemplification,illustrationandcontrasttodevelopatopicthroughacausalanalysis,Writingtechnique,Vocabulary,attribute（sth.）to（sb.）:

beingtheresultof/comingfrom-ThissongisusuallyattributedtoBach.这首歌通常被认为是巴和所作。

-Susanattributeshersuccesstohardwork.Savantsvnt:

alearnedmancorollary|krlr（fml）:

naturalconsequenceorresult-thecorollarytosb.sargument某人论据推断的结果shoddy:

ofpoorqualityorbadlymade劣质的/粗制滥造的forestall:

preventordefeat（apersonorhisplans）byactingfirst（用先发制人的手段）预先阻止,6.dothetrick:

（informal）tofulfillonespurposeorintention（口）有效，达到目的,E.g.:

Thismedicineoughttodothetrick.seaworthy:

（ofaship）ingoodconditionandfitforaseavoyage适于航海,适航行Evoke:

bringforth,callup,causesthtoberememberedorexpressedE.g.:

Thesongsevokedmemoriesofmyschooldays.Fashion:

v.makeorshapesth,usinghandsonlyorafewtoolsAfromB;BintoA:

Alinationfrom:

separationfrom,TheoriginalMurphyslawreads:

Iftherearetwoormorewaystodosomething,andoneofthosewayscanresultinacatastrophe（大灾难）,thensomeonewilldoit.EdwardA.Murphy,Jr.,Paragraph1,Q&A,WhatroledoesMurphysLawplayinHarrisswriting?

WhichsentenceinPara.1tellsusthatHarristhinkMurphysLawisirresistible?

Whatdoes“input”meaninLine8?

CorollariestoMurphysLawsuggestthemselvesascluestotheshoddygoodsproblem:

-FromMurphysLawwemayfindanswerstotheproblemofbadlymadegoods.根据一位仅知其名为墨菲的学者所归纳的法则，“任何东西如果会出毛病的话，它迟早要出毛病的.据此得出的推论可以有助于解释次品问题：

会出故障的终归要出故障；会散架的终归会散架；会停止运转的终归要停止运转。

虽然墨菲的理论不能被完全推翻，但是效应通常可以推迟发生。

untiladecentintervalhaselapsed:

-untilasufficientlylongperiodoftimehaspassed.decent:

“proper;sociallyacceptable,”e.g.decentbehavior,decentclothingadecentinterval：

longenoughforpeopletoacceptasproperElapse:

vi.slipby;pass（时间）流逝n.thepassingoftimeFivemonthshaveelapsedsincehejoinedthearmy.Theymetagainafteranelapseofmanyyears.多年后又相逢。

（ll.5-7）“Muchofhuman.elapsedafter,theirmanufacture.”Peoplespendmuchoftheirlifetimetryinghardtokeepthingsingoodshape.Theythinkthataproduct,afterleavingitsfactory,shouldlastatleastareasonablylongperiodbeforeceasingtowork.人类在其生存中花费大量的时间和精力，力图保证其生产的物品能在尽可能长时间里不失灵、不散架、不停止运行。

commitment:

devotion,dedication,committed,（inthiscontext）obligationordeterminationtoforestallMurphysLaw.ForestallingMurphysLaw:

-preventingMurphysLawfromtakingeffect.（LL.7-8）“Forestallingcommitment.”DelayingtheeffectofMurphysLawthataffectproductsdemandshumanwisdom,skill,anddevotedness.要阻止墨菲定律作用于我们的产品，需要我们发挥才智、施展技能，有责任心。

gadget:

asmallusefulandwell-designedtoolor,machine小器具,小配件agadgetforopeningcans开罐器,beSubjectto-begovernedorcontrolledby-beproneto常遭受achildwhoissubjecttocolds易感冒的孩子Yourvacationissubjecttotheweather.你的假期可视天气变化而决定。

.,Gaugeged：

标准尺,量表E.g.airpressuregauge气压计Oilgauge：

油表begaugedbyMaintenance:

维修，保养,MurphysLaweffect:

theshoddygoodsproblem（Paragraph1）Cause:

humanratherthantechnological（Paragraphs25）Illustration:

artifactsusedbysimplepre-industrialsocieties（para.2）Thesourceofquality:

socialrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer（para.3）Contrast:

thewidedifferenceinthequalityofproductsmadebytheproducerforhimselforhiskinandofthosemadeforunknownusers（para.45）,DevicesusedinExposition,Q&A,WhydoesHarristhinkthatpeoplenowadayshonorthelabel“handmade”？

Findoutthedevicesusedintheexpositorywritinginthisparagraph.,Paragraph2,Artifact:

人工制品;手工艺品E.g.:

Variousartifactsofprehistorictimeswerediscoveredduringtheexcavation.Dispel:

remove（falsebelief,doubt,fear）byprovingthemwrong驱散,赶跑E.g.:

Hisencouragingwordsdispelledallmydoubtsaboutmyowninability.+notion/belief/doubt/fear,china,Pottery-making陶艺制作,Canoe独木舟,小划子Basket-weaving,Dwindle|dwndlv.becomegraduallylessorsmallere.g.HismoneyawaytonothingwhiletravelinginEurope.（away）（tonothing）Breed:

atypeoforaparticularkindof（animal,people）,回顾一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文明有助于阐述我的观点。

只有去摆放着史前社会人工制品的博物馆参观一下，就足以驳倒质量取决于技术的观点。

那些人工制品虽然设计简单甚至原始，但是制造出就能满足设想的作用，而且可靠，耐用终身。

当我们看重“手工制作”的标签，愿意为日渐减少的工匠们制作的珠宝、衣服和手袋多花钱时，我