MemoryILongtermmemoryEncoding(PPT-36).ppt

MemoryILongtermmemoryEncoding(PPT-36).ppt

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MemoryILong-termmemory&Encoding,AretheremultipleLTMmemorysystems?

Howdoyoulearnanewskill?

Howdoyoulearnanewfact?

Howaboutlearningaboutanevent?

Isthereonelong-termmemory（LTM）systemforthesetypesofknowledgeoraretheremultipleLTMsystems?

ATaxonomyofMemorySystems,LONGTERMMEMORY,EXPLICIT（declarative）,IMPLICIT（non-declarative）,SEMANTIC（facts）,EPISODIC（events）,PROCEDURAL（skills&habits）,PRIMING（perceptual,conceptual）,MedialTemporalLobe,ASSOCIATIVELEARNING（classical&operantconditioning）,Cortex,Striatum,Amydala/Cerebellum,Implicitandexplicitmemory,Implicitmemory:

pastexperiencesinfluenceperceptions,thoughts&actionswithoutawarenessthatanyinformationfrompastisaccessedExplicitmemory:

consciousaccesstoinfofromthepast（“Irememberthat.”）-involvesconsciousrecollection,Explicit&ImplicitMemoryTestsLookatthefollowingwords.Iwilltestyourmemoryforthesewordsinvariousways.,MemoryTest,Explicittestofmemory:

recallWritedownthewordsyourememberfromthelistintheearlierslideImplicittestofmemory:

wordfragmentcompletionOnthenextslide,youwillseesomewordsmissingletters,some“wordfragments”andsomeanagrams.Guesswhateachwordmightbe.,ImplicitMemoryTasks,Word-fragmentcompletionisanimplicitmemorytask.Fragmentsare（often）completedwithwordspreviouslystudiedintheabsenceofanexplicitinstructiontorememberthewordAmnesiacsoftenshowedsparedimplicitmemorydissociationsuggestdifferentsystemsforimplicitandexplicitmemorysystems,Implicitvs.ExplicitMemory,Graf,Squire,&Mandler（1984）:

Studywords:

cheese,house,Explicitmemorytest:

cuedrecall.Completefragmenttoawordfromstudylist:

ch____Implicitmemorytest:

wordstemcompletion.Completefragmenttoformanyword:

ch____,Word-stemcompletionsparedinamnesiacs,Grafetal.（1984）.,Amnesia,Sources,Blowtohead,ConcussionKorsakoffsyndrome（severevit.B1deficiency）AlzheimersDamagetohippocampus,thalamicstructuresECT（electroconvulsiveshocktherapy）Midazolam:

artificallyinducedamnesia,Amnesia,Types:

Retrograde:

cannotrememberoldmemoriesAnterograde:

cannotformnewepisodicmemories,Retrogradeamnesia,Temporalgradient:

earlymemoriesarebetterrememberedthanmemoriesbeforetrauma（Ribotslaw）Recentlyformedmemoriescontinuetoundergoneurologicalchange:

memoryconsolidationRetrogradeamnesiaoftenbecomeslesssevereovertimeMostremotememoriesarelikelytoreturnfirstDoesnotaffectoverlearnedinformation（e.g.skills）,TemporalGradient,Memoryfordiaryentriesfromretrogradeamnesic,（Butters&Cermak,1986）,AnterogradeAmnesia,InabilitytoacquirenewinformationThinkofmovie“memento”Doesnotaffectshort-termmemoryDoesnotaffectgeneralknowledgefromthepastBut,itisdifficulttolearnnewfactsAffectsmemoryregardlessofmodality（visual,auditory,tactile,etc）.SparesskilledperformanceHyper-specificmemoryforthoseskillsthatarelearnedafteronsetlearningisexpressedonlyincontextinwhichitwasencoded,FamousAnterogradeAmnesiac:

HM,SevereepilepsyTreatedwithsurgerytobilaterallyremovemedialtemporallobes,includinghippocampusOperation9/1953,27yearsoldANPRsegmentonHM,H.M,Generalknowledgeintactbut“stuckintime”.Didnotlearnwordsintroducedafter1953:

“jacuzzi”,“granola”,“flower-child”WasabletoformsomememoriesInitiallycouldntlearnhowtogettohisnewhome.TookmanyyearstolearnhisownhouseCouldlearntomirrorreversereadandmirrortrace,HMabletomirrortrace,Milner,1965,improvementinH.M.formirrortracingtask（withoutconsciousrecollectionofprevioustrainingepisodes）themedialtemporallobesarenotnecessaryforalltypesoflong-termmemory.,Canamnesicsacquireanynewknowledge?

Declarativememory（memoryforinformation/knowledge,e.g.episodic&semanticmemory）impairedProceduralmemory（e.g.,howtorideabike）yesImplicitmemories（usingpastinformationpossiblywithoutbeingawareofit）yes,Learninganewskill:

mirror-reversereading,Amnesicscanlearntomirror-reversereadandaresensitivetorepetitions,Spared（implicit）learninginanterogradeamnesia,Claparedestudy（1911）.PatientneverrememberedhavingmetClaparede（doctor）beforeClaparadeoffershandshakeswithpinprickNexttime,noexplicitmemoryofevent（ordoctor）Still,patientrefusestoshakehandsandoffersexplanation:

“sometimespinsarehiddeninpeopleshands”Korsakoffpatients&TriviaquestionsGivenfeedback,thenretested.Noconsciousmemoryforitemsbutbetterperformance.“Ireadaboutitsomewhere”.（Schacter,Tulving&Wang,1981）.,Encoding&RetrievalEffects,LevelsofProcessing,Levelsofprocessingeffect:

Deeperlevelsofprocessing（e.g.,emphasizingmeaning）tendtoleadtobetterrecall.,（Craik&Lockhart,1972）,EncodingSpecificityPrinciple,RecollectionperformancedependsnotonlyonhowtheinformationwasencodedbutalsohowthewaytheinformationisretrievedattestEncodingspecificityprinciple:

recollectiondepend