住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文.docx

住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文.docx

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住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文

住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文2019

英文

Environmentalandeconomicimplicationsofenergyefficiencyinnewresidentialbuildings:

Amulti-criteriaselectionapproach

DeliaD'Agostino,DannyParker,PacoMelia

Abstract

Thechoiceofthemostappropriatetechnologiesinbuildingsisoftenachallengeatthedesignstage,especiallywhenmanydifferentcriteriaaretakenintoaccount.Consequently,thedecisionprocessreliesoftenononecriteriononly,suchascostsorenergysavings.Weproposeamulti-criteriaapproachbasedonmulti-attributeutilitytheorytoassessalternativeenergyefficiencymeasures,explicitlyconsideringbothenvironmentalandeconomiccriteria.WeapplyittothedesignofanewresidentialbuildinginMilan（Italy）,withtheaimtomaximizeCO2 emissionsavingsrelatedtoelectricityandgasconsumption,andtominimizeembodiedenergyandinvestmentcosts.Aftermodellingthebuildingprototype,alternativeenergyefficiencymeasuresareassessedandrankedaccordingtotheselectedcriteria.

Thebuildingoptimizedthroughtheimplementationofthebestperformingmeasuresshowedanoverall90%reductioninoperationalprimaryenergycomparedtothebaselinebuilding.Theinclusionoftheembodiedenergyalteredtheenergyperformancecalculationsresultingin55–67%reductionintotalenergyovera10-yearperiod,and77–82%overa30-yearperiod.Resultspointtotheimportanceofacomprehensiveimplementationofmeasures,suchasthermalimprovements,highefficiencyequipment,appliances,andrenewableenergygeneration.Thepaperdemonstratesthefeasibilityofthisframeworktosupportthedecisionprocessfromamulti-criteriaperspective,proposingaflexiblemethodthatcanbeadaptedtootherbuildingtypes,environmentalconditions,materialsandtechnologies.Italsohighlightstheimportanceofconsideringbothenvironmentalandeconomiccriteriawhendesigninganewbuilding.Itstresseshowtheembodiedenergyshouldbeacriterionfortechnologyselection,ascurrentstrategiestoreduceoperationalenergyoftenincreasetheamountofenergyembodiedintobuildingswithenvironmentalconsequences.

Keywords：

Multi-criteriadecisionmaking，Energyefficiencymeasures，Embodiedenergy，Multi-attributeutilitytheory（MAUT），Buildingmodellingandsimulation，CO2emissionsavings

Introduction

EnergyefficiencyisrecognizedasoneoftheprioritiesoftheEnergyUnionstrategy.Improvingenergyefficiencyisexpectedtoreducegreenhousegas（GHG）emissionsandenergyimportdependency,createjobs,boostenergysecurity,supportresearch,innovationandcompetitiveness.Accountingforapproximately40%ofprimaryenergyand36%ofgreenhouseemissions,thebuildingsectoriscurrentlythelargestend-usesectorinEurope.Inparticular,theresidentialsectorconsumesmorethanaquarteroftotalenergyandaccountsfortwothirdsofbuildingconsumption.

TheEuropeanUnionhaslaunchedapolicyframeworkaimedatreducingenergyconsumptionandobtainingconsiderablesavingsfrombuildings.TheEnergyEfficiencyDirective（EED）andtheRenewableEnergyDirective（RED）containimportantprovisions,butamajorstepforwardisrepresentedbytheEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirectiverecast.TheDirectiveestablishestheimplementationofnearlyzeroenergybuildings（NZEBs）asthebuildingtargetfrom2018onwards.NZEBsaredefinedasbuildingswithaveryhighenergyperformance,whereenergyrequirementsshouldmostlybecoveredbyrenewableenergysources.Anotherimportantnoveltyistheintroductionofcost-optimality.Amethodologyisdescribedtoderivecost-optimallevelsofminimumenergyperformancerequirements.Thecost-optimallevelrepresentstheenergyperformancewhichleadstothelowestcostoverthebuildinglifecycle.

CombiningNZEBsandcost-optimalityremainschallengingandoftenperformedonlyataresearchlevel.Additionally,althoughdifferentstudieshavehighlightedthatreachingtheNZEBstargetisachievable,itisnotalwaysproventhattheselecteddesignchoicesarethemostsuitablefrombothanenvironmentalandeconomicperspective.

Moreover,improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildingshasbeenmainlyfocusedonreducingoperationalemissions（e.g.linkedtoheating,ventilation,airconditioningsystems（HVAC）,domestichotwater,lighting,appliances）,butitisestimatedthatabout30%oftheenergyconsumedthroughoutthelifetimeofabuildingiswithinitsembodiedenergy.

Researchaims

Thisstudyaimsatillustratingamethodabletoselectthetechnologymeasuresthataremostconvenientfromaneconomicandenvironmentalperspective.AnewresidentialbuildinglocatedinMilan（Italy）ischosenasacasestudy.Anassessmentapproachbasedonmulti-attributeutilitytheory（MAUT）hasbeendevelopedtosupportamulti-criteriaevaluationofselectedtechnologymeasures.Thestudyconsidersatthesametimetheminimizationofembodiedenergyandinvestmentcosts,aswellasthemaximizationofelectricityandgassavingsassociatedwitheachmeasure.Theproposedapproachallowsacomparisonofalternativetechnologiestobepotentiallyimplementedinthebuildingprototype.Theresearchinvolvesthefollowingsteps:

•identificationofappropriatecriteriarepresentingthedifferentobjectivesofthedecisionandtheirorganizationintoahierarchy;

•establishmentofmathematicalfunctionstoevaluatethesatisfaction（utility）associatedwitheachalternativewithrespecttodifferentcriteria;

•determinationofasetofweightsthatrepresenttherelativeimportanceofeachcriteriontotheoverallutility;

•evaluationandrankingofthealternatives.

Thebaselineandtheoptimizedbuildingarethensimulatedandcomparedintermsofenergyconsumption,costsandCO2 emissions.Finally,asensitivityanalysisisperformedtoassesshowtheoutputsareaffectedbytheuncertaintyontherelativeimportanceoftheselectedcriteriaaswellasembodiedenergyestimations.

Literaturereview

Aliteraturereviewisnowgiveninrelationtothemaintopicslinkedtothispaper:

embodiedenergy,technologymeasures,andmulti-criteriadecision-makingmethods.

 Embodiedenergy

Althoughlargelyignored,theembodiedenergycomprisesthematerialsusedinthebuildingandtechnicalinstallations,aswellastheenergyconsumedatthetimeofconstructionorrenovationofthebuilding.Inparticular,itincludes:

theenergyusedtoextractrawresources,processmaterials,assembleproductcomponents,transportbetweeneachstep,construction,maintenanceandrepair,deconstructionanddisposal.Theestimatedembodiedenergydependsonfactorssuchasbuildingage,climate,andmaterials.

Thebuildingenvelopeisakeyelementforbothembodiedandoperationalenergyinbuildings.Inmoredetail,thebuildingenvelope（floors,walls,roof,andfinishes）contributesforabout48–50%totheoverallembodiedenergyofastandardhouse.Althoughenvelopeimprovementscontributetoloweroperationalenergyconsumption,thereareconcernsabouttheglobalwarmingpotentialandotherimpactsthatsometechnologiescanhaveontheenvironment.

EmbodiedenergyandcostsofrecycledandreusedmaterialswidelyvaryRecentliteratureemphasizesstandardprotocolsfortheestimationofembodiedenergy.Althoughtherearestandards,suchasEN15978andsubsequentstandards,questionsonembodiedenergyquantificationremain.Forinstance,thereisextensiveuncertaintyregardingtheembodiedenergyevaluation,mainlylinkedtoavailabledatasources,estimationmethodologies,variabilityoftimeandlocation.

Bothoperationalenergyandembodiedenergyaresubjecttoperformancegaps.Thegapcanbebetweensimulatedandmonitoreddatainrelationtotheoperationalenergy.Itissubjecttomeasurementboundariesandempiricaldatasourcesforembodiedenergydata.Relativetobuildingsimulation,therehavefrequentlybeenperformancegapswheresavingsfromsimulationhavebeenhigherthanthatrealizedinrealbuildings.However,therearemanyeffortstoaddresstheseshortcomingsthroughtheuseofrealmonitoreddatatoguideandvalidatesimulationinputs.

ThemostcommonlyusedmeanstoestimateembodiedenergyformaterialsorproductsistheLifeCycleAssessment（LCA）framework.Thisisastandardizedenvironmentaltooltoquantifytheenergy,carbonorwaterliabilitieswhichaproductorprocessimposesonthephysicalenvironment.Thisisusuallycarriedoutaslife-cycleenergyassessment,aformofLCAwhereenergyconsumptionofthevariousphasesismeasuredtoaccountforallenergyinputsoverthebuildinglife.Differencesinembodiedenergyfactorsariseinembodiedenergyestimationsduetodifferencesinscopeaswellasinthetechnologyusedformaterialproductionandtransportation.

Besidestheembodiedenergy,itisworthmentioningtheembodiedcarbonwhichconsidershowGHGsarereleasedthroughoutthesupplychaintoprovideamaterialorservice.Itrepresentsthecarbonfootprintofamaterialorprocess.Itisanalternativemetricwhichcanbemorecomprehensiveinaccountingfortheemissionsintensityoftheenergycarrier.

Todate,anumberofstudiesconsidertheembodiedcarbonorembodiedenergyasacriteriafortechnologyselectionalongwithenergysavingsandcostsinlowenergybuildings.Inparticular,Thormarkandothershaveshownthatverylowenergybuildingstypicallyhaveembodiedenergiesthataremuchhigherthanconventionalstructures.Theadditionalembodiedenergymustberecapturedbysuccessfulreductionsinoperationalenergy.AsbuildingsbecomemoreefficientorapproachNZEBs,embodiedenergycanbecomemorethanhalfthetotalbuildingenergyoveritsusefullife.FortheevaluationofaPassiveHousedesign,embodiedenergyhasbeenfoundtobesohightha