库存管理外文文献及翻译.docx
《库存管理外文文献及翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《库存管理外文文献及翻译.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![库存管理外文文献及翻译.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-2/4/7be6e73a-a145-422f-bd55-d9372464130c/7be6e73a-a145-422f-bd55-d9372464130c1.gif)
库存管理外文文献及翻译
库存管理
外文文献及翻译
外文文献:
ZeroInventoryApproach
Managingoptimalinventoryinthesupplychainiscriticalforanenterprise.Theabilitytoincreaseinventoryturnsandtheuseofbestinventorypracticeswillreduceinventorycostsacrossthesupplychain.Movingtowardszeroinventorywillresultineffectiveinventorymanagementinthebusinessprocess.InventoryOptimizationSolutionscanbeimplementedeasilyusinginventoryoptimizationsoftware.WithRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)technology,inventorycanbeupdatedinrealtimewithoutproductmovement,scanningorhumaninvolvement.Companieshavetoadoptbestpracticestooptimizeoperationalprocessesandlowertheircoststructurethroughinventorystrategies.
Introduction
Withsupplychainplanningandlatestsoftware,companiesaremanagingtheirinventoryinthebestpossiblemanner,keepinginventoryholdingstotheminimumwithoutsacrificingthecustomerserviceneeds.Thezeroinventoryconcepthasbeenaroundsincethe1980s.Ittriestoreduceinventorytoaminimumandenhancesprofitmarginsbyreducingtheneedforwarehousingandexpensesrelatedtoit.Theconceptofasupplychainistohaveitemsflowingfromonestageofsupplytothenext,bothwithinthebusinessandoutside,inaseamlessfashion.Anystockinthesystemiscausedbyeitherdelaybetweentheprocesses(demand,distribution,transfer,recordingandproduction)orbythevariationintheflow.Eliminating/reducingstockcanbeachievedby:
linkingprocesses,makingthesamethroughputrateonprocesses,locatingprocessesneareachotherandcoordinatingflows.Recentadvancedsoftwarehasmadezeroinventorystrategyexecutable.
"Inventoryoptimizationisanemergingpracticalapproachtobalancinginvestmentandservice-levelgoalsoveraverylargeassortmentofStock-KeepingUnits(SKUS).Incontrasttotraditional‘one-at-a-time’marginalstocklevelsetting,inventoryoptimizationsimultaneouslydeterminesallSKUstocklevelstofulfilltotalserviceandinvestmentconstraintsorobjectives".
Inventoryoptimizationtechniquesprovideanewlogictodrivethesystemwithinformationsystems.Toeffectivelymanageinventory,businessesmustalsooptimizethecostsofbuying,holding,producing,movingandsellinginventory.
Theobjectiveofinventoryoptimizationistosustainminimallevelsofinventorywhileprovidingthemaximumpossiblelevelsofservice.SupplyChainDesignandOptimization(SCDO)isaninventoryoptimizationsolutionwhichhelpscompaniessatisfycustomerdemandswhilebalancinglimitationsonsupplyandtheneedforoperationalefficiency.Inventoryoptimizationfocusesonmodelinguncertaintyandvariabilityandminimizingtheriskstheyimposeonthesupplychain.
Inventoryoptimizationcanhelpresolvetotalsupplychaincostoptionslike:
•In-housemanufacturingvs.contractmanufacturing;
•Domesticvs.offshore;
•Newsupplier'scostvs.currentsuppliers'cost.
Companiescanbenefitfrominventoryoptimization,providedtheycontroltheirsupplychainprocessesandthecomplexityofsupplychain.Incasethesupplychainisverycomplex,besidesinventoryoptimization,networkdesignhastobeusedtoreapthebenefitsfully.ThispapercoversvariousinventorymodelsthatareavailableandthendescribesthetechnologieslikeRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)andnetworkingusedfortheoptimizationofinventory.Thepaperalsodescribesthesoftwaresolutionsavailableforachievingthesame.Itconcludesbygivingafewexampleswhereinventoryoptimizationhasbeensuccessfullyimplemented.
InventoryModels
HexagonModel
Thehexagonmodelwasdevelopedduetotheneedtostructureday-to-daywork,reduceheadcountandotherinventorycostsandimprovecustomersatisfaction.Inthefirstphase,operationstrategieswereestablishedinalignmentwithinte-rnalcustomers.Later,continuousimprovementplansandbusinesscontinuitypl-answereadded.Thefivestrategiesusedwere:
forecastingfutureconsumption,settingfinancialtargetstominimizeinventorycosts,preparingdailyreportstomonitorinventoryoperationalperformance,studyingcriticalsuccessindicatorstotracktheaccomplishments,toforminventorystrategicobjectivesandinventor-yhealthandoperatingstrategies.Thehexagonmodelisacombinationoftwotriangularstructures(Figure1).
Theuppertrianglefocusesonthesoftmanagementofhumanresources,customerorientationandsupplierrelations;thelowerfocusesontheexecutionofinventoryplanswiththeirsuccesscriteria,continuousimprovementmethodologyandbusinesscontinuityplans.
Theinventoryindicatorsare:
totalinventoryvalue,availabilityofspares,daysofinventory,costofinventory,costsavingandcashsavingoutputexpen-ditureandqualityimprovement.Thehexagonmodelcombinestheelementsofthepeopleinvolvedinmanaginginventorywithoperationalexcellence(Figur2).
Managinginventorywithoperationalexcellencewasachievedbyreducingthenumberofemployeesinthematerialdepartment,changingthemixofpeopleskillssuchasintroducingengineeringintothedepartmentstructureandreducingthecostofownershipofthematerialdepartmenttotheoperationthatitsupports.
Normally,thisisimplementedwithreductioninheadcountofmaterialdepartment,havinglesspeoplewithengineeringskillsinthedepartment.Operationresultsinclude,improvementinrawmaterialsupplylinequalityindicators,competitivedaysofinventoryandimprovedandstabilizedsparesavailability.Andthefinancialresultsinclude,increaseincostsavingsandreducedcostofinventory.Itcanbeestablishedbyoutsourcingsomeoftheinventoryfunctionsasrequired.Thelevelofefficiencyoftheinventorymanagedcanbemeasuredtoaspecificrisklevel,changingrequirementsorchangesintheenvironment.
Just-In-Time(JIT)
Just-in-time(JIT)inventorysystemisaconceptdevelopedbytheJapanese,wherein,thesuppliersdeliverthematerialstothefactoryJITfortheirprocessing,eliminatingtheneedforstorageandretrieval.Therateofoutputandtherateofsupplyofinputsaresynchronized,tomanageazeroinventory.
ThemainbenefitsofJITare:
setuptimesaresignificantlyreducedinthefactory,theflowofgoodsfromwarehousetoshelvesimproves,employeeswhopossessmultipleskillsareutilizedmoreefficiently,betterconsistencyofschedulingandconsistencyofemployeeworkhours,increasedemphasisonsupplierrelationshipsandcontinuousroundtheclocksupplieskeepingworkersproductiveandbusinessesfocusedonturnover.
AndthoughaJITsystemmightevenbeanecessity,giventheinventorydemandsofcertainbusinesstypes,itsmanyadvantagesarerealizedonlywhensomesignificantriskslikedelaysinmovementofgoodsoverlongdistancesaremitigated.
Vendor-ManagedInventory(VMI)
Vendor-ManagedInventory(VMI)isaplanningandmanagementsysteminwhichthevendorisresponsibleformaintainingthecustomer’sinventorylevels.VMIisdefinedasaprocessormechanismwherethesuppliercreatesthepurchaseordersbasedonthedemandinformation.VMIisacombinationofe-commerce,softwareandpeople.Ithasresultedinthedramaticreductionofinventoryacrossthesupplychain.VMIiscategorizedintherealworldascollaboration,automationandcosttransference.
ThemainobjectivesofVMIarebetter,cheaperandfastertransactions.InordertoestablishtheVMIprocess,managementcommitment,datasynchronization,settingupagreements,dataexchange,ordering,invoicematchingandmeasurementhavetobeundertaken.ThebenefitsofVMItoanorganizationarereductionininventorybesidesreductionofstock-outsandincreaseincustomersatisfaction.Accurateinformationwhichisrequiredforoptimizingthesupplychainisfacilitatedbyefficienttransferofinformation.TheconceptofVMIwouldbesuccessfulonlywhenthereistrustbetweentheorganizationanditssuppliersasallthedemandinformationisavailabletothesupplierswhichcanberevealedtothecompetitors.VMIoptimizesinventoryinsupplychainandreducesstock-outsbyproperplanningandcentralizedforecasting.
ConsignmentModel
ConsignmentinventorymodelisanextensionofVMIwherethevendorplacesinventoryatthecustomer’slocationwhileretainingownershipoftheinventory.Theconsignmentinventorymodelworksbestinthecaseofnewandunprovenproductswherethereisahighdegreeofdemanduncertainty,highlyexpensiveproductsandservicepartsforcriticalequipment.Thetypesofconsignmentinventoryownershiptransfermodelsare:
payassoldduringapre-definedperiod,ownershipchangesafterapre-definedperiod,andordertoorderconsignment.
TheissuesthattheVMIandconsignmentinventorymodelencounterarecostofdevelopingVMIsystem,invoicingproblems,cashflowproblems,ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)problemsandobsoletestock.
EnablingPractices
Thedecisionmakershavetomakeprudentdecisionsonfuturecourseofactionofaprojectrelatingtothefollowingvariables:
ForecastingandInventoryManagement,InventoryManagementpractices,InventoryPlanning,Optimalpurchase,MultichannelInventory,Movingtowardszeroinventory.
Toimproveinventorymanagementforbetterforecasting,the14bestpracticesthatwillmostlikelybenefitbusinessthemostare:
•Synchronizepromotions;
•Revamptheorganizationalstructure;
•Takealongerviewofitemplanning;
•Enforcevendorcompliance;
•Trackkeyinventorymetrics;
•Selecttherightsystems;
•Mastertheartofmasterscheduling;
•Adheretoexceptionreporting;
•Identifylostdemands;
•Planbyassortment;
•Trackinboundreceipts;
•Createcoveragereports;
•Balanceunderstock/overstock;and
•OptimizeSK