上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案解析.docx

上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案解析.docx

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上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案解析

2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语

（回忆版：

附阅读答案）

其大作文题目为：

大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要？

作文涉及内容为：

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?

Universitiesshouldspendmoremoneyinimprovingfacilities（e.g.librariesandcomputerlabs）thanhiringfamousteachers.

作文字数要求为：

300字左右。

passage6

MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion，itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses，anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion，theomnibuses，horserailways，commutertrains，andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850，forexample，thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork，shopping，andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920，forexample，some250，000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago，mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod，another550，000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting，realestatedevelopersadded800，000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.

Ofcourse，manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided，butvacant，landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation：

urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes，particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated，didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.

1.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?

[A]Typesofmasstransportation.

[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.

[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.

[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.

2.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?

[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.

[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.

[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.

[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.

3.Accordingtothepassage，whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?

[A]Itwasexpensive.

[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.

[C]Itwasunplanned.

[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.

4.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity，

[A]thatislarge.

[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.

[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.

[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.

Passage5AntarcticaandEnvironment

Antarcticahasactuallybecomeakindofspacestation-auniqueobservationpostfordetectingimportantchangesintheworld’senvironment.Remotefrommajorsourcesofpollutionandthecomplexgeologicalandecologicalsystemsthatprevailelsewhere，Antarcticamakespossiblescientificmeasurementsthatareoftensharperandeasiertointerpretthanthosemadeinotherpartsoftheworld.

GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistant-early-warningsensor，wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.Onepromisingfieldofinvestigationisglaciology.ScholarsfromtheUnitedStates，Switzerland，andFrancearepursuingsevenseparatebutrelatedprojectsthatreflecttheirconcernforthehealthoftheWestAntarcticIceSheet-aconcerntheybelievetheworldatlargeshouldshare.

TheTransantarcticMountain，someofthemmorethan14，000feethigh，dividethecontinentintotwoverydifferentregions.Thepartofthecontinenttothe“east”ofthemountainsisahighplateaucoveredbyanicesheetnearlytwomilesthick.“West”ofthemountain，thehalfofthecontinentsouthoftheAmericasisalsocoveredbyanicesheet，buttheretheicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.IftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared，thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoasparseclusterofisland.

Whileiceandsnowareobviouslycentraltomanyenvironmentalexperiments，othersfocusonthemysterious“dryvalley”ofAntarctica，valleysthatcontainlittleiceorsnoweveninthedepthsofwinter.SlashedthroughthemountainsofsouthernVictoriaLand，thesevalleysonceheldenormousglaciersthatdescended9，000feetfromthepolarplateautotheRossSea.Nowtheglaciersaregone，perhapsacasualtyoftheglobalwarmingtrendduringthe10，000yearssincetheiceage.Eventhesnowthatfallsinthedryvalleysisblastedoutbyviciouswindsthatroarsdownfromthepolarplateautothesea.Leftbarearespectaculargorges，rippledfieldsofsanddunes，clustersofboulderssculpturedintofantasticshapesby100-mile-an-hourwinds，andanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation.

Despitetheunearthlyaspectofthedryvalleys，somescientistsbelievetheymaycarryamessageofhopeoftheverdantpartsoftheearth.Somescientistsbelievethatinsomecasesthedryvalleysmaysoakuppollutantsfasterthanpollutantsenterthem.

1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

[A]AntarcticaandenvironmentalProblems.

[B]Antarctica：

Earth’sEarly-Warningstation.

[C]Antarctica：

aUniqueObservationPost.

[D]Antarctica：

aMysteriousPlace.

2.WhatwouldtheresultbeiftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared?

[A]Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbedisappeared.

[B]Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereduced.

[C]ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbecomescatteredIslands.

[D]ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoaclusterofIslands.

3.WhyaretheDryValleysleftbare?

[A]Viciouswindblaststhesnowaway.

[B]Itrarelysnows.

[C]Becauseoftheglobalwarmingtrendandfiercewind.

[D]Sanddunes.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

[A]The“DryValleys”havenothingleftinside.

[B]The“DryValleys”neverheldglaciers.

[C]The“DryValleys”maycarryamessageofhopefortheverdant.

[D]The“DryValleys”areuselesstoscientists.

5.themeaningofanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation我记得有一个选项中含有bleak这个单词，答案应该是这个

应译为：

与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。

Passage4

Nothingsucceedsinbusinessbookslikethestudyofsuccess.Thecurrentbusiness-bookboomwaslaunchedin1982byTomPetersandRobertWatermanwith“InSearchofExcellence”.Ithasbeenkeptgoingeversincebyasuccessionofgurusandwould-beguruswhopromisetodistiltheessenceofexcellenceintothree（orfiveorseven）simplerules.

“TheThreeRules”isaself-consciouscontributiontothistype;itevenincludesabibliographyof“successstudies”.MessrsRaynorandMumtazAhmedworkforaconsultancy,Deloitte,thatisdeterminedtoturnitselfintomoreofathought-leaderandlessacorporaterepairman.Theyemployallthetricksofthesuccessgenre.Theyinsistthattheirconclusionsare“measurableandactionable”-guidetobehaviorratherthananalysisforitsownsake.Successauthorsusuallyserveupvividstoriesabouthowexceptionalbusiness-peoplestampedtheirpersonalitiesonacompanyorrescueditfromalife-threateningcrisis.MessrsRaynorandAhmedarehappierchewingthenumbers:

theyprovidedetailedappendiceson“calculatingtheelementsofadvantage”and“detailedanalysis”.

Theauthorsspentfiveyearsstudyingthebehaviouroftheir344“exceptionalcompanies”,onlytocomeupatfirstwithnothing.Everyhunch（直觉）ledtoablindalleyandeveryhypothesistoadeadend.Itwasonlywhentheyshiftedtheirattentionfromhowcompaniesbehavetohowtheythinkthattheybegantomakesenseoftheirvoluminousmaterial.

Managementisallaboutmakingdifficulttradeoffsinconditionsthatarealwaysuncertainandever-changing.Butexceptionalcompaniesapproachthesetrade-offswithtwosimplerulesinmind,sometimesconsciously,sometimesunconsciously.First:

betterbeforecheaper.Companiesaremorelikelytosucceedinthelongruniftheycompeteonqualityorperformancethanonprice.Second:

revenuebeforecost.Companieshavemoretogaininthelongrunfromdrivinguprevenuethanbydrivingdowncosts.

Mostsuccessstudiessufferfromtwofaults.Thereis“thehalo（光环）effect”,wherebygoodperformanceleadscommentatorstoattributeallmannerofvirtuestoanythingandeverythingthecompanydoes.Thesevirtuesthensuddenlybecomeviceswhenthecompanyfails.MessrsRaynorandAhmedworkhardtoavoidthesemistakesbystudyinglargebodiesofdataoverseveraldecades.Buttheyendupembracingadifferenterror:

statingtheobvious.Mostbusinesspeoplewillnotbesurprisedtolearnthatitisbettertofindaprofitableniche（缝隙市场）andfocusonboostingyourrevenuesthantocompeteonpriceandcutyourwaytosuccess.Thedifficultquestionishowtofindthatprofitablenicheandprotectit.There,TheThreeRulesislessuseful.

1.Whatkindofbusinessbooksaremostlikelytosellwell?

A）Booksonexcellence.C）Booksonbu