大学计算机基础复习资料双语教学英文版.docx
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大学计算机基础复习资料双语教学英文版
计算机复习资料最终定稿版
Jisuanjifuxiziliaozuizhongdinggaoban
1.keywordsofDefinitionforcomputer:
instructions,input,processes,output
Acomputerisanelectronicdevicewhichoperatesunderthecontrolofstoredinstructions
acceptsdatainput
processesthedataaccordingtospecifiedrules
producesandstoresoutput
1、Acomputer’spowerisderivedfromSpeedReliabilityAccuracyStorageCommunications
2、Data:
Thesymbolsthatrepresentpeople,events,things,andideas.Consistsoftheraw,unprocessedfacts,includingtext,numbers,images,andsounds.
3、Information:
Databecomesinformationwhenitispresentedinaformatthatpeoplecanunderstandanduse.
4.informationprocessingcycle:
.input,process,output,andstorage
5.ComputingTechnology(R)Evolutionfourgenerations
VacuumTube(电子管)Age,TransistorAge(晶体管),IntegratedCircuit(集成电路)Age,Large-scaleIntegration(大规模集成化)Age
6.分类:
Supercomputers(巨型计算机)fastest,mostpowerful,mostexpensive
Mainframecomputers(大型机)providegreatprocessingspeedsanddatastorage.
Minicomputers(小型机)
Microcomputers(微机)即personalcomputerorPCleastpowerful,butthemostwidelyused.
7.Informationcanberepresentedinoneoftwoways
Analogdata(模拟)Acontinuousrepresentation,analogous(相似)totheactualinformation
DigitaldataAdiscreterepresentation
8.1Byte=8bits,B,KB,MB,GB,TB):
9.Binary(Base2)Octal(8)Decimal(Base10)
Hexadecimal(16)0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
10.distinguishnumbersystem
(1)Subscript(下标)(101)2(101)8
(2)Postfix(后缀)101B101O101D101H
11.Convertingnumber
Non-DecimaltoDecimal
DecimaltoNon-Decimal
v10—2integer整数
(1)短除法
(2)从高位到低位逆用2—10思想
vFraction小数
Non-DecimaltoNon-Decimal
2—8(10111011.1101)2=(273.64)8
8—2(6754.32)8=(110111101100.011)2
16—2(A7B8.C9)16=(1010011110111000.11001001)
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12.BinaryArithmetic
12.originalcode–(2n–1–1)~(2n–1–1)Totalnumberis2n–1n=8-127~+127
Pro:
Simple&DirectCons:
Subtractionoperationmayfail(overflow)
13.OriginalcodeandComplementcode,todosubtraction减法inaddition(补码的意义正在于把减法做成加法)
▪Forpositivenumber:
complement=original
▪Fornegativenumber:
•Original:
signbitis1,therestisitsabsolutevalue
•Complement:
reversealldigitsexceptthesign,theplus1
▪Complementofcomplement=original
14.complementcode–2n–1~(2n–1–1)Totalnumberis2nn=8,therangeis:
-128~+127
15.Floatingpointnotationtorepresentverylargerealnumbersandverysmallrealnumbers
(1)-1.6875=(-1.1011)2=(-0.11011×21)2
(2)
指数尾数
上数=00000001111011000000000000000000(用八位表示指数位,24位表示尾数位)
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16.Ina32bitscomputer,if8bitsforexponentpartand24bitsformantissapart,therangeofnumberis1038~2-1500-1038~-2-150
16.Codeofcharacters
ASCII美国信息交换标准码characterset
Standard7-bits,with128characters
Extended8-bits,with256characters
Unicode16-bits,asuperset超集ofASCI
17.vonNeumannthreemainideasaboutcomputer
*Fivebasiccomponents*Usebinaryinformation*Storedprogram
18.Theprincipleofstoredprogram
Acoupleofabilities:
storeprogramandthenautomaticexecuteprogram.(存储程序、自动执行程序)
Computersuse“memory”(primarymemory主存)tostoreprogramwhichwillbeprocessed
v19.Fivebasiccomponents
▪ControlUnit
▪Arithmetic/logicUnit(ALU)运算器
▪Inputdevices
▪Outputdevices
▪Storage–primaryandsecondarystorage
19.CPUcanfetcheachinstructioninthatprogramfrommemoryonebyonedecodetheinformationGetdataifneededandthenexecutetheinformationuntilallinstructionsarefinished.
巧记有一个全控制,有两个互相传数据和信息,有一个只入,有一个只出
20.ALU(运算器)(arithmeticoperationlogicaloperations)---(register)
CPU
ControlUnit(directsandcoordinates使协调operationsincomputer.)--register
Randomaccessmemory(RAM)temporaryorvolatilestorage
MainmemoryRead-onlymemory(ROM)---BIOSBasicInputOutputSystem
MemoryCMOSrequiredeverytimethecomputersystemisturnedon
SecondaryStorage外存CPU不能直接访问
注释1CPU定义Interprets(翻译)andcarriesoutbasicinstructionsthatoperateacomputer
注释2ROMcannotbechanged而CMOScanbechangedtoreflectchangesinthecomputersystem
注释3MemoryusedtostorethemostfrequentlyaccessedinformationstoredinRAM–cache,
21.tworegistersinthecontrolunit:
Theinstructionregister(IR)containstheinstructionthatisbeingexecuted.
Theprogramcounter(PC)containstheaddressofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted
18.#Twostepsofamachinecycle:
Instructioncycleandexecutioncycle
22.CPUspeedClockrateWordsizeCacheInstructionsetsize(指令集大小)
23.Computersareelectronicdevicesthatacceptinstructions,processinput,andproduce
information
24.术语:
Floppydisk软盘Opticaldisk/compactdisk光盘Flashdisk闪存盘
23.SystemUnit(主机)
vMotherboard
vProcessor–CPU
▪ALU
▪ControlUnit
vMemory
▪RAM,ROM,CMOS,Cache
▪AlldataandinstructionsmustbeloadedintoRAMbeforetheycanbeexecuted
vBus–datahighwaybetweendevices
vExpansionslots/cards(扩展槽/卡)toaddextradevices
▪videocard,soundcard,networkcard
vPort(端口)–aplugforacablethatleadstoadevice
▪usbports,RJ-45,VGAportformonitor
《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《OS》
24.
系统软件
操作系统
实用软件
外壳,命令解释程序内核
注释1Utilitysoftwarefundamentaltocomputerinstallations,butnotpartoftheOS.
注释2shellprovidesaninterfacethroughwhichahumancaninteractwiththecomputer
kernelmanagescomputerresources,suchasmemoryandinput/outputdevice
强调:
Systemsoftware定义manageacomputersystematafundamentallevel
25.Everyoperatingsystemperformsthreebasicfunctions:
(differentosalsohaveotherspecificfunctions)
managescomputerresources,suchas1.memory,2.CPU,and3.processes
providesaninterfacethroughwhichahumancaninteractwiththecomputer
allowsanapplicationprogramtointeractwithothersystemresources
26.ManagingResourcesconsistsof:
Memorymanagement
Processmanagement
CPUscheduling
26.1.Memorymanagementoptimizes(优化)theuseofRAM
26.2-1Aprocesscanbedefinedasaprograminexecution.
26.2-2Asingleuseroperatingsystemallowsonlyoneusertorunoneprogramatatime.
Amultiuseroperatingsystemenablestwoormoreuserstorunaprogramsimultaneously.
Amultitaskingoperatingsystemallowsasingleusertoworkontwoormoreapplicationsthatresideinmemoryatthesametime.
Amultiprocessingoperatingsystemcansupporttwoormoreprocessorsrunningprogramsatthesametime.
26.3CPUScheduling
TheoperatingsystemdetermineswhichprocessinmemoryisexecutedbyCPU
Nonpreemptivescheduling无优先调度
Preemptivescheduling
27.OTHERFUNCTIONS
27.1SystemBootingColdboot&Warmboot
Theprocessofstartingorrestartingacomputeriscalledbooting
27.2SystemShuttingDown
Sleepmode(睡眠)savesanyopendocumentsandprogramstoRAM,turnsoffallunneededfunctions,andthenplacesthecomputerinalow-powerstate
Hibernate(休眠)savesanyopendocumentsandprogramstoaharddiskbeforeremovingpowerfromthecomputer
UserInterfaceDeviceDriverNetworkSupportPerformanceMonitorSystemUpdate
28.TypesofOperatingSystems
28.1Astand-aloneoperatingsystem(独立操作系统)isacompleteoperatingsystemthatworksonadesktopcomputer,notebookcomputer,ormobilecomputingdevice
28.2Anembedded(嵌入式)operatingsystemresidesonaROMchiponamobiledeviceorconsumerelectronicdevice
29.FileAnamedcollectionofrelateddata
FileisstoredinsecondarystorageAfileisasetofdatathathasbeengivenaname
FilesystemTheoperatingsystem'slogicalviewofthefilesitmanages
DirectoryAnamedgroupoffiles.Alsocalledafolder
30.Filetype
Programfiles(程序文件)-containsinstructionstotellthecomputerwhattodo.
MicrosoftWord,Photoshop,AutoCAD
DataFiles-notexecutableandonlyusedwithaprogram.
Worddocument,textfile,Excelfile,PowerPointfile
TextfileAfileinwhichthebytesofdataareorganizedascharactersfromtheASCIIorUnicodecharactersets
BinaryfileAfilethatcontainsdatainaspecificformat,requiringinterpretation(翻译)
31.Therootdirectoryistypicallyidentifiedbythedeviceletterfollowedbyabackslash(反斜线)
32.Filemanagement
WindowsExplorer(资源管理器)Clipboard(剪贴板)RecycleBin(回收站)
33.FileProperties(属性)
34.PathNames
AbsolutepathD:
\Courses\Computer\2011\OS.ppt
Relativepath2011\OS.ppt
〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉Multimedia
35.RepresentingCharacter
ASCII(AmericaStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)
vOriginalASCIIuses7bitstocode128characters
vExtendedto8bitsfor128extracharacters
2.Unicode
uses16bits,canrepresent216=65534
36.RepresentingAudio
vSoundisgeneratedbythevibrationofair
vSoundwaveisanalog
vComputersconvertsoundtodigitsbysampling
vAstereosendsanelectricalsignaltoaspeakertoreproducesound
Asamplingrateofabout40,000timespersecondisenoughtocreateareasonablesoundreproduction
AudioFormats
▪WAV,AU,AIFF,VQF,andMP3
vMP3isdominant
▪MPEG-2,audiolayer3file
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Graphics
37.RepresentingImagesandGraphics
vRaster(光栅)-graphics
▪Thestorageofimageinformationisonapixel-by-pixel(像素)basis
▪Popularformats
•BMP(bitmap),GIF(GraphicsInterchangeFormat),JPEG(JointPhotographicExpertsGroup)
vVector-graphics(矢量图)
▪Describesanimageintermsoflinesandgeometricshapes
▪Includeaseriesofcommandsthatdescribealine’sdirection,thickness,andcolour.
▪Thefilesizestendtobesmallerbecausenoteverypixelisdescribed
▪
38.Agraphistreatedasamatrixofdots,whichiscalledpixels
vThenumberofpixelsiscalledresolution(分辨率)
39.ColorisexpressedasanRGB(Red,Green,Blue)v