3d动画制作中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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3d动画制作中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
Spin:
A3DInterfaceforCooperativeWork
Abstract:
inthispaper,wepresentathree-dimensionaluserinterfaceforsynchronousco-operativework,Spin,whichhasbeendesignedformulti-usersynchronousreal-timeapplicationstobeusedin,forexample,meetingsandlearningsituations.Spinisbasedonanewmetaphorofvirtualworkspace.Wehavedesignedaninterface,foranofficeenvironment,whichrecreatesthethree-dimensionalelementsneededduringameetingandincreasestheuser'sscopeofinteraction.Inordertoaccomplishtheseobjectives,animationandthree-dimensionalinteractioninrealtimeareusedtoenhancethefeelingofcollaborationwithinthethree-dimensionalworkspace.Spinisdesignedtomaintainamaximumamountofinformationvisible.Theworkspaceiscreatedusingartificialgeometry-asopposedtotruethree-dimensionalgeometry-andspatialdistortion,atechniquethatallowsalldocumentsandinformationtobedisplayedsimultaneouslywhilecenteringtheuser'sfocusofattention.Usersinteractwitheachotherviatheirrespectiveclones,whicharethree-dimensionalrepresentationsdisplayedineachuser'sinterface,andareanimatedwithuseractiononshareddocuments.Anappropriateobjectmanipulationsystem(directmanipulation,3Ddevicesandspecificinteractionmetaphors)isusedtopointoutandmanipulate3Ddocuments.
Keywords:
SynchronousCSCW;CVE;Avatar;Clone;Three-dimensionalinterface;3Dinteraction
Introduction
Technologicalprogresshasgivenusaccesstofieldsthatpreviouslyonlyexistedinourimaginations.Progressmadeincomputersandincommunicationnetworkshasbenefitedcomputer-supportedcooperativework(CSCW),anareawheremanytechnicalandhumanobstaclesneedtobeovercomebeforeitcanbeconsideredasavalidtool.Weneedtobearinmindthedifficultiesinherentincooperativeworkandintheuser'sabilitytoperceiveathirddimension.
TheShortcomingsofTwo-DimensionalInterfaces
CurrentWIMP(windowsiconmousepointer)officeinterfaceshaveconsiderableergonomiclimitations[1].
(a)Two-dimensionalspacedoesnotdisplaylargeamountsofdataadequately.Whenitcomestodisplayingmassiveamountsofdata,2Ddisplayshaveshortcomingssuchaswindowoverlapandtheneedforiconicrepresentationofinformation[2].Moreover,thesimultaneousdisplayoftoomanywindows(thekeysymptomofWindowitis)canbestressfulforusers[3].
(b)WIMPapplicationsareindistinguishablefromoneanother;leadingtoconfusion.Windowdis-playsystems,betheyXIIorWindows,donotmakethedistinctionbetweenapplications,con-sequently,informationisdisplayedinidenticalwindowsregardlessoftheuser'stask.
(c)2Dapplicationscannotproviderealisticrep-resentation.Untilrecently,networktechnologyonlyallowedforasynchronoussessions(electronicmailforexample);andbecausethehardwarebeingusedwasnotpowerfulenough,interfacescouldonlyuse2Drepresentationsoftheworkspace.Metaphorsinthistypeofenvironmentdonotresembletherealspace;consequently,itisdifficultfortheusertomovearoundwithinasimulated3Dspace.
(d)2Dapplicationsprovidepoorgraphicaluserrepresentations.Aswindowsareindistinguish-ableandthereisnographicalrelationbetweenwindows,itisdifficulttocreateavisuallinkbetweenusersorbetweenauserandanobjectwhentheuser'sbehaviorisbeendisplayed[4].
(e)2Dapplicationsarenotsufficientlyimmersive,because2Dgraphicalinteractionisnotintuitive(proprioceptionisnotexploited)usershavedifficultiesgettingandremaininginvolvedinthetaskathand.
Interfaces:
NewScope
Spinisanewinterfaceconcept,basedonreal-timecomputeranimation.Widespreaduseof3Dgraphiccardsforpersonalcomputershasmadereal-timeanimationpossibleonlow-costcomputers.Theintroductionofanewdimension(depth)changestheuser'srolewithintheinterface,theuseofanimationisseamlessandthereforelightenstheuser'scognitiveload.Withappropriateinputdevices,theusernowhasnewwaysofnavigatingin,interactingwithandorganizinghisworkspace.Since1995,IBMhasbeenworkingonRealPlaces[5],a3Dinterfaceproject.Itwasdevelopedtostudytheconvergencebetweenbusinessapplicationsandvirtualreality.TheuserenvironmentinRealPlacesisdividedintotwoseparatespaces(Fig,1):
•a'worldview',a3Dmodelwhichstoresandorganizesdocumentsthrougheasyobjectinteraction;
•a'workplane',a2Dviewofobjectswithdetailedinteraction,(whatisusedinmost2Dinterfaces).
RealPlacesallowsfor3Dorganizationofalargenumberofobjects.Theusercannavigatethroughthem,andworkonadocument,whichcanbeviewedandeditedina2Dapplicationthatisdisplayedintheforegroundofthe'world'.Itsolvestheproblemof2Ddocumentsina3Dworld,althoughthereisstillsomeoverlappingofobjects.RealPtacesdoessolvesomeoftheproblemscommonto2Dinterfacesbutitisnotseamless.Whileitintroducestwodifferentdimensionstoshowdocuments,theuserstillhasdifficultyestablishinglinksbetweenthesetwodimensionsincaseswheremulti-useractivityisbeingdisplayed.Inourinterface,wetrytocorrecttheshortcomingsof2DinterfacesasIBMdidinRealPlaces,andwegoastepfurther,weputforwardasolutionforproblemsraisedinmulti-usercooperation,Spinintegratesusersintoavirtualworkingplaceinamannerthatimitatesrealitymakingcooperationthroughtheuseof3Danimationpossible.Complextasksandrelateddatacanberepresentedseamlessly,allowingforamoreimmersiveexperience.Inthispaperwediscuss,inthefirstpart,thevariousconceptsinherentinsimultaneousdistantcooperativework(synchronousCSCW),representationandinteractionwithina3Dinterface.Inthesecondpart,wedescribeourowninterfacemodelandhowtheconceptsbehinditweredeveloped.Weconcludewithadescriptionofthevariouscurrentandimpendingdevelopmentsdirectlyrelatedtotheprototypeandtoitsassessment.
Concepts
Whendesigninga3Dinterface,severalfieldsneedtobetakenintoconsideration.Wehavealreadymentionedreal-timecomputeranimationandcomputer-supportedcooperativework,whicharethebackboneofourproject.TherearealsocertainfieldsofthehumansciencesthathavedirecttycontributedtothedevelopmentofSpin.Ergon-omics[6],psychology[7]andsociology[8]havebroadenedourknowIedgeofthewayinwhichtheuserbehaveswithintheinterface,bothasanindividualandasamemberofagroup.
SynchronousCooperativeWork
Theinterfacemustsupportsynchronouscooper-ativework.Bythiswemeanthatitmustsupportapplicationswheretheusershavetocommunicateinordertomakedecisions,exchangeviewsorfindsolutions,aswouldbethecasewithtele-conferencingorlearningsituations.Thesenseofco-presenceiscrucial,theuserneedstohaveanimmediatefeelingthatheiswithotherpeople;experimentssuchasHydraUnits[9]andMAJIC[10]haveallowedustoisolatesomeoftheaspectsthatareessentialtomultimediainteractivemeetings.
•Eyecontact."aparticipantshouldbeabletoseethatheisbeinglookedat,andshouldbeabletolookatsomeoneelse.•Gazeawareness:
theusermustbeabletoestab-fishaparticipant'svisualfocusofattention.•Facialexpressions:
theseprovideinformationconcerningtheparticipants'reactions,theiracquiescence,theirannoyanceandsoon.•GesCures.ptayanimportantroleinpointingandin3Dinterfaceswhichuseadeterminedsetofgesturesascommands,andarealsousedasameansofexpressingemotion.
GroupActivity
Speechisfarfrombeingthesolemeansofexpressionduringverbalinteraction[11].Gestures(voluntaryorinvoluntary)andfacialexpressionscontributeasmuchinformationasspeech.More-over,collaborativeworkentailstheneedtoidentifyotherpeople'spointsofviewaswellastheiractions[12,13].Thisrequiresdefiningthemetaphorswhichwitlenableusersinvolvedincollaborativeworktounderstandwhatotherusersaredoingandtointeractwiththem.ResearchersI14]havedefinedvariouscommunicationcriteriaforrepresentingauserinavirtualenvironment.InDIVE(DistributedInteractiveVirtualEnvironment,seeFig.2),BenfordandFahl6nlaydownrulesforeachcharacteristicandapplythemtotheirownsystem[15].lheypointouttheadvantagesofusingaclone(arealisticsynthetic3Drepresentationofahuman)torepresenttheuser.Withaclone,eyecontact(itispossibletoguidetheeyemovementsofaclone)aswellasgesturesandfacialexpressionscanbecontrolled;thisismoredifficulttoaccomplishwithvideoimages.tnadditiontohavingaclone,everyusermusthaveatelepointer,whichisusedtodesignateobiectsthatcanbeseenonotherusers'displays.
Task-OrientedInteraction
Usersattendingameetingmustbeabtetoworkononeorseveralshareddocuments,itisthereforepreferabletoplacetheminacentralpositionintheuser'sfieldofvision,thisincreasesherfeelingofparticipationinacollaborativetask.Thisconcept,whichconsistsofpositioningthedocumentssoastofocususerattention,wasdevelopedintheXeroxRoomsproject[16];theunderlyingprincipleistopreventwindowsfromoverlappingorbecomingtoonumerous.ThisisdonebyclassifyingthemaccordingtospecifictasksandplacingtheminvirtualofficessothatasingIewindowisdisplayedatanyone(given)time.Theuserneedstohaveaninstanceoftheinterfacewhichisadaptedtohisroleandthewayheapprehendsthings,tnacooperativeworkcontext,theuserisphysicallyrepresentedintheinterfaceandhasapositionrelativeto